KINGDOM PROTISTA

1. Phylum Cryptophyta

1.1. The Chryptomonads

1.1.1. -Marine and freshwater -Two flagella -Plates on inside of plasma membrane -Single, two-lobed chloroplast with starch granules surrounding a central pyrenoid

1.2. Nucleomorph

1.2.1. Vestigial nucleus of primitive symbiotic organism Gullet lined with ejectosomes.

1.3. Sexual Reproduction

1.3.1. Unknown??

2. Phylum Prymnesiophyta(Haptophyta)

2.1. The Haptophytes

2.1.1. -Fresh and saltwater; major component of marine plankton -Most unicellular, with two smooth flagella of similar length inserted at the apex. -Pigments and food reserve similar to Chromophyta

2.2. Haptonema

2.2.1. Third flagellum located between two flagella. -Aids in food capture -Often covered in scales -Two disc-shaped chloroplasts

3. Phylum myxomycota

3.1. The Plasmodial slime molds

3.1.1. Sexual Reproduction

3.1.1.1. -Plasmodium converts into separate small sporangia that contain spores.

3.1.1.2. -Meiosis occurs in spores. -Spores grow into myxamoebae that act as gametes and fuse to form zygotes. -Zygotes grow into new plasmodia.

3.1.2. plasmodium

3.1.2.1. -Protoplasm containing many diploid nuclei -No cell wall -Flows rapidly and rhythmically -Found on damp forest debris, under logs, on dead organic material

4. Phylum Dictyosteliomycota

4.1. The Cellular slime molds

4.1.1. -Individual amoebalike cells feed independently, dividing and producing separate new cells periodically.

4.2. pseudoplasmodium

4.2.1. -Clump together to form mass called pseudoplasmodium -Crawls like a garden slug -Eventually transforms into sporangium-like mass of spores

5. Phylum Oomycota

5.1. The water molds

5.2. Asexual Reproduction

5.2.1. Sexual reproduction: Meiosis takes place in oogonia and antheridia. Zygotes formed in oogonia give rise to new mycelia.

5.3. coenocytic hyphae

6. Phylum Euglenophyta

6.1. The Euglenoids

6.1.1. Flagellum pulls cell through water.

6.2. Pellicle

6.2.1. plasma membrane and underlying strips that spiral around cell

6.3. Gullet

6.3.1. ingests food.

6.4. About 1/3 of species have disc-shaped chloroplasts. Red eyespot for light detection

6.5. Paramylon

6.5.1. food reserve

6.6. Reproduction

6.6.1. Asexual reproduction by cell division. Sexual reproduction not confirmed.

7. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF ALGAE

7.1. Protistan algal phyla at bottom of food chain.

7.2. To molds slime

7.2.1. Break down organic particles to simpler substances

7.2.1.1. Human and ecological significance of the water molds:

7.2.1.1.1. Downy mildew on grapes Potato blight 1846 famine in Ireland

7.3. Diatoms

7.4. Other algae

7.4.1. Chlorella

7.4.2. Algin

7.4.3. AGAR

7.5. Minerals and food

8. ALGAE

8.1. KEY FEATURES

8.1.1. Photoynthesis

8.1.1.1. Algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, converting sunlight into energy.

8.1.2. Reproduction

8.1.2.1. Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with various methods including fragmentation, conjugation, and the formation of gametes.

8.1.3. Ecological Importance

8.1.3.1. lgae play a crucial role in food chains and contribute to oxygen production in aquatic environments.

8.1.4. Less than 1 billion years ago, organisms confined to oceans. Protected from drying out, ultraviolet radiation, and large fluctuations in temperature Absorbed nutrients directly from water About 400 million years ago, green algae began making transition from water to land. Gave rise to green plants

8.1.5. Coleochaete probably indirect ancestor of land plants.

8.1.6. Shares features with land plants: cells that resemble parenchyma, development of cell plate and phragmoplast during mitosis, a protective covering for zygote, and production of lignin-like compound

9. Domain Eukarya

9.1. Algae are in Kingdom Protista. Grouped into several phyla based on form of reproductive cells, and combinations of pigments and food reserves.

9.1.1. Domain Eukarya - All members have eukaryotic cells. Organisms in Protista vary from unicellular to multicellular. Nutrition varied: photosynthetic, ingestion of food, absorption of food Individual life cycles vary considerably. Reproduction generally by cell division and sexual processes.

9.1.1.1. Animalia

9.1.1.2. Protista

9.1.1.3. Plantae

9.1.1.4. Fungi

10. Phylum Chlorophyta

10.1. Description

10.1.1. Green algae, primarily found in freshwater, with chlorophylls a and b, storing food as starch.

10.1.1.1. Unicellular, filamentous, platelike colonies, netlike tubes, hollow spheres, lettuce-like leaves

10.1.1.2. Greatest variety in freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams Some on tree bark, in animal fur, in snowbanks, in flatworms or sponges, on rocks, in lichen “partnerships.”

10.1.1.3. Have chlorophylls a and b

10.1.1.4. Store food as starch

10.1.1.5. Most have a single nucleus per cell

10.1.1.6. Most reproduce both sexually and asexually

10.1.2. BODY CONSTRUCTION OF GREEN ALGAE

10.1.2.1. numerous green algae are unicellular, while others have the following body construction.

10.1.2.1.1. Motile colonies

10.1.2.1.2. Nonmotile colonies

10.1.2.1.3. Filamentous body

10.1.2.1.4. Membranous Body:

10.1.2.1.5. Parenchymatous body

10.1.2.1.6. Coenocytic or siphonous body

10.1.3. CHLAMYDOMONAS

10.1.3.1. Common inhabitant of freshwater pools Unicellular Pair of whip-like flagella on one end pull cell through water.

10.1.3.2. Two or more vacuoles at base of flagella Regulate water content of cell and remove waste Single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside

10.1.3.3. Pyrenoids

10.1.3.3.1. Proteinaceous structures associated with synthesis of starch

10.1.3.4. Red eyespot

10.1.3.4.1. near base of flagella Allows alga to swim toward light

10.1.3.5. Asexual reproduction: Nucleus divides by mitosis, and cell contents become two daughter cells within cellulose wall. Each develop flagella and swim away. No change in chromosome number; all cells remain haploid.

10.1.3.6. sexual reproduction

10.1.3.6.1. Meiosis occurs in zygospore, producing 4 haploid zoospores that grow into full-sized algae.

10.1.3.6.2. Under certain conditions, cells congregate together. Two cells fuse together to form zygote, that will become zygospore and may remain dormant.

10.1.4. Ulothrix

10.1.4.1. Filamentous with holdfast cell at one end Chloroplast - Wide, curved, somewhat flattened, with one to several pyrenoids Asexual reproduction: Cells contents condense, divide by mitosis and become zoospores inside parent cell. Zoospores escape through pore in parent cell wall. Resemble Chlamydomonas cells Grow into new filaments

10.1.4.2. Sexual repoduction

10.1.4.2.1. Cell contents condense and divide by mitosis inside parent cell. Each new cell produces flagella. Cells escape from parent cell and become gametes.

10.1.5. Spirogyra(watersilk)

10.1.5.1. Filaments of cylindrical cells Frequently floats in masses on surface of quiet freshwater Filaments of cylindrical cells Frequently floats in masses on surface of quiet freshwater

10.1.5.2. Chloroplast ribbon-shaped

10.1.5.2.1. and spirally wrapped around vacuole, with pyrenoids at regular intervals.

10.1.5.3. Asexual reproduction:

10.1.5.3.1. Only by fragmentation of filament

10.1.5.4. Sexual reproduction by conjugation.

10.1.5.4.1. Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes. Condensed protoplast of one filament flows or crawls through tube to adjacent cell. Protoplasts fuse, forming zygote that develops thick wall. Eventually zygote undergoes meiosis.

10.1.6. Oedogonium

10.1.6.1. Epiphytic filamentous green alga with holdfast Large netlike chloroplast with pyrenoids at intersections of net

10.1.6.2. Asexual reproduction:

10.1.6.2.1. By fragmentation or by zoospores Zoospores produced singly in cells at tips of filaments. Have about 120 flagella that form fringe toward one end of zoospore

10.1.6.3. Oedogonium sexual reproduction:

10.1.6.3.1. Exhibits oogamy - One gamete is motile, while other is larger and stationary. Antheridium - Boxlike cell that produces two motile sperm Oogonium - Swollen cell containing single egg Sperm enters oogonium through pore. Zygote forms thick walls and may remain dormant. Zygote produces 4 zoospores by meiosis that grow into new haploid filaments.

10.1.7. Other green algae

10.1.7.1. Hydrodictyon (water nets) - Net-like, tubular colonies with hexagonal or polygonal meshes

10.1.7.1.1. Asexual reproduction, as well as isogamous sexual reproduction Isogamous = two flagellated gametes

10.1.7.2. Chlorella - widespread green alga composed of tiny spherical cells

10.1.7.2.1. Only reproduce asexually by forming either daugther cellsor autspores through mitosis

10.1.7.2.2. Used in researched; may become important food source

10.1.7.3. Desmids - Mostly free-floating and unicellular

10.1.7.3.1. Reproduce by conjugation

10.1.7.4. Acetabularia (mermaid’s wineglass) - Consists of a single, huge cell shaped like a delicate mushroom

10.1.7.4.1. Used in classic experiments demonstrating influence of nucleus on form of cell Isogamous

10.1.7.5. Volvox - Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material, resembling hollow ball

10.1.7.5.1. Reproduction asexual or sexual Smaller daughter colonies formed inside parent colony

10.1.7.6. Ulva (sea lettuce) - Multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades and basal holdfast to anchor blades to rocks

10.1.7.6.1. Haploid and diploid blades

10.1.7.6.2. Diploid blades produce spores that develop into haploid blades. Haploid blades bear gametangia that form gametes. Gametes fuse to form zygotes that grow into diploid blades.

10.1.7.6.3. Exhibit isomorphism - Haploid and diploid blades indistinguishable.

11. Phylum Chromophyta

11.1. Description

11.1.1. Includes yellow-green, golden-brown algae, diatoms, and brown algae, characterized by fucoxanthin.

11.1.1.1. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae)

11.1.1.1.1. Sargassum

11.1.1.1.2. Shallow in water, majority in cold, except giant KELP

11.1.1.1.3. Many have a THALLUS differentiated into a HOLDFASTS, a STIPE, and BLADES.

11.1.1.1.4. Blades may have GAS-FILLED BLADDERS

11.1.1.1.5. Reproduction

11.1.1.1.6. fucoxanthin

11.1.1.1.7. Laminarin

11.1.1.1.8. Algin

11.1.1.1.9. Fucus

11.1.1.2. The Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)

11.1.1.2.1. Unicellular Fresh and salt water, particularly abundant in cold marine habitats Also, dominate algal flora on damp cliffs, tree bark or buildings

11.1.1.2.2. Look like ornate, glass boxes with lids As much as 95% of wall is silica.

11.1.1.2.3. Chlorophylls a and c and fUCOXANTHIN Food reserves - Oil, fats or LAMINARIN

11.1.1.3. Golden-brown algae (Chrysophyceae)

11.1.1.3.1. Most occur in the plankton of fresh water. Motile cells have two flagella of unequal length inserted at right angles to each other.

11.1.1.3.2. PHOTORECEPTOR

11.1.1.4. Yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae)

11.1.1.4.1. Mostly freshwater, with a few marine and terrestrial representatives Two flagella of motile cells are oriented in opposite directions.

11.1.1.4.2. Vaucheria

11.1.1.4.3. Aplanospores formed during asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction rare.

12. Phylum Rhodophyta

12.1. Description

12.1.1. Red algae, found in warmer waters, known for their complex life cycles and production of agar.

12.1.1.1. Phycobilin

12.1.1.1.1. Due to this component it makes color

12.1.1.2. -Relatively complex life cycle involving three types of thallus structures -Nonmotile reproductive cells

12.1.1.3. In warmer and deeper waters than brown algae Most are filamentous with filaments so tightly packed they appear to have flattened blades or branched segments.

12.1.1.4. -Similar to those of cyanobacteria -Red algae may have been derived from cyanobacteria

12.1.1.5. Chlorophylls a, and sometimes d

12.1.1.6. Floridean starch

12.1.1.6.1. Food reserve

12.1.1.7. Agar

12.1.1.7.1. Number of species produce

13. Phylum Dinophyta

13.1. Description

13.1.1. Dinoflagellates, some of which cause red tides and produce neurotoxins.

13.1.1.1. -About 45% nonphotosynthetic -Chromosomes remain condensed and visible throughout life of cell. -Most have disc-shaped chloroplasts. -Many have tiny projectiles that fire when irritated

13.1.1.2. -Chlorophylls a and c

13.1.1.3. Red tides

13.1.1.3.1. Sudden multiplication of dinoflagellates

13.1.1.3.2. Gonyaulax and Gymnodinium

13.1.1.4. Cellulose “armor plates” inside cell membrane Two flagella in intersecting grooves One trails behind cell - Acts as rudder

13.1.1.5. Contain xanthophyll pigment

13.1.1.6. Starch food reserve

14. Phylum Charophyta

14.1. Description

14.1.1. Stoneworts, closely related to land plants, found in freshwater environments.

14.1.1.1. -Shallow, freshwater lakes and ponds Often precipitate calcium salts on their surfaces -Axis with short lateral branches in whorls. -Multicellular antheridia

14.1.2. Sexual reproduction is oogamous.