1. Ch 11: Culture as Cognition
1.1. All languages and cultures classify certain aspects of the world through labels pg.227
1.1.1. People think in terms of linguistic and sociocultural binary oppositions and label domains that are hierarchical and identifiable. All languages have rules for social discourse and conversation.
1.2. Denotation
1.2.1. Thing in real world -That is a dog
1.3. Connotation
1.3.1. Emotion-A dog is a mans best friend
1.4. Things in the world (referents) connect to words (symbols) connect in the mind (thoughts)
2. Ch 12: Language, Culture, & Thought
2.1. Linguists agree that any non-technical utterance can be expressed with reasonable accuracy in any language pg. 252
2.1.1. the aspects of any culture receive attention in vocabulary of that language so its speakers can discuss them with ease and accuracy in regards to technical terms.
2.2. Cultural determinism
2.2.1. theory that culture determines how language and thought become manifested
2.3. Linguistic determinism
2.3.1. the way one thinks is determined by the language one speaks
2.4. Berlin and Kays Basic Color Terms
2.4.1. theory that describes how color terms in languages evolve over time
3. Ch 13: Language & Ideology: Gender
3.1. In any particular speech community, differences in language are readily apparent pg. 257
3.1.1. Differences are based on context and situation. Geography is a factor in differentiating peoples speech. Age, social status, class, ethnicity, and gender also contribute to differences.
3.2. Tag questions
3.2.1. Characteristics of women speech
3.2.2. Question is attached to an utterance
3.3. Hedges
3.3.1. Avoids assertiveness
3.3.2. Maybe, rather, perhaps, I guess, sort of
3.4. Difference theory
3.4.1. Argues men and women live in different linguistic worlds
3.5. Dominance theory
3.5.1. Focuses on patriarchy and male power
4. Ch 14: Language & Ideology: Class, Ethnicity, and Nationality
4.1. There are many reasons people speak the same language in different ways pg.297
4.1.1. Most of the people who live in the USA speak English as their first language but speech is different if you are in California, New York, or Texas.
4.2. Language ideology
4.2.1. Beliefs about a language that shape how people use language in social contexts
4.3. William Labov Study
4.3.1. NY Department Store
4.3.2. Studied pronunciation of the rhotic /r/ sound
4.4. Vernacular
4.4.1. Casual, normal spoken form of language or dialect in speech community