1. Inflammatory Diseases
1.1. Osteitis (inflammation of bone)
1.1.1. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
1.1.1.1. Hormone imbalance with parathyroid gland (back of thyroid)
1.1.1.1.1. Parathormone raises calcium levels, while calcitonin in the thyroid gland lowers calcium levels
1.1.1.1.2. Hyperparathyroidism --> decalcification of bones
1.1.2. Paget's disease aka osteitis deformans
1.1.2.1. Chronic inflammation
1.1.2.2. Thickening and deformation (weaker but bigger)
1.1.2.3. Cause unknown
1.1.2.4. Elderly
1.1.2.5. Osteosarcomas can form
1.1.3. Invasion of microorganisms
1.1.3.1. Tuberculosis
1.1.3.2. Treponema pallidum
1.2. Osteomyelitis (bone marrow - possibly bone too)
1.2.1. From trauma or focal infection
1.2.2. Mastoiditis
1.2.2.1. Inflammation of mastoid portion of temporal bone
1.2.2.1.1. From chronic ostitis media
1.3. Arthritis (inflammation of joints)
1.3.1. Acute or chronic, can be caused by dozens of things
1.3.2. Rhematoid arthritis
1.3.2.1. 20-40 yo women
1.3.2.2. Inflammation of synovial membrane
1.3.2.3. Bi-lateral, hands and wrists
1.3.2.4. Systemic reactions (fever, weight loss, anemia)
1.3.2.5. Hard nodules form, destroyed joints, permanent crippling from fusing of articular surfaces
1.3.2.6. May be associated with sensitized tissues from low-grade bacterial infections, heriditary, stress, bad weather
1.3.2.6.1. Rhematoid factor in 80%
1.3.3. Osteoarthritis
1.3.3.1. More degenerative
1.3.3.2. Older men and women
1.3.3.3. Larger weight-bearing joints
1.3.3.4. Not usually bi-lateral
1.3.3.5. Doesn't cause complete fusion of joints
1.3.3.6. No systemic reactions
1.3.3.7. Cause --> wear and tear, aging
1.3.4. Gout
1.3.4.1. Hereditary
1.3.4.2. Metabolic problem with uric acid
1.3.4.2.1. Builds up in blood, precipates, forms uric crystals in tissues and joints
1.4. Bursitis (inflammation of bursa - small sacs with synovial fluid to reduce friction)
1.4.1. Chronic irritation
1.4.2. Shoulder and elbow
1.4.2.1. "Tennis elbow"
2. Achondroplasia
2.1. No cartilage formation
2.1.1. Causes dwarfism
3. Abnormal curvatures of the spine
3.1. Scoliosis
3.1.1. Abnormal lateral curvature
3.1.2. Can be abnormal development or aquired
3.2. Kyphosis
3.2.1. Humpback
3.2.2. Abnormal posterior curvature
3.3. Lordosis
3.3.1. Exaggerated anterior curvature
3.3.2. Swayback
4. Tumors
4.1. Osteoma
4.2. Osteosarcoma
4.2.1. One of most common forms of primary bone tumor
4.3. Chondroma
4.4. Chrondrosarcoma
5. Anatomy
5.1. 206 bones
5.1.1. 80 in axial
5.1.2. 126 in appendicular
5.2. Functions
5.2.1. Protection of interior organs
5.2.2. Providing body rigidity
5.2.3. Points for muscle attachments
5.2.4. Storage for minerals
5.2.5. Producing RBC (hematopoiesis)
5.3. Form connective tissue
5.4. Shapes: flat, irregular, short, long
5.4.1. Long has medullary canal
5.5. Compact bone on outside, cancellous bone on inside
5.6. Periosteum (tough layer of fibrious connective tissue on outside of bone)
5.6.1. Blood vessels
5.6.2. Cells to create new bone tissue
5.6.3. Attachment point for tendons
5.6.3.1. Muscle to bone (sprain)
5.7. Articulation/joint (attachment point for two bones)
5.7.1. Synarthrosis (immovable)
5.7.2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
5.7.3. Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
5.7.3.1. Has capsule lined with synovial membrane
5.8. Ligaments
5.8.1. Connective tissue that connects bone to bone (strain)
5.9. Cartilage
5.9.1. Cushions articulating bones
5.9.2. In areas where shape is important but ridigity is not
6. Embalming considerations
6.1. Fractures to skull and extremities
6.1.1. Swelling
6.1.1.1. Pressure and rate of flow
6.1.2. Wax remodeling
6.1.3. Positioning problems (straighten out limbs)
6.1.3.1. Deformed and fused joints
6.2. Bone donation
6.2.1. Slow and low rate of flow
6.2.2. Additional injection points
6.2.3. Hypodermic injection
6.3. Need family permission to do extreme measures like dislocating joints or cutting tendons
7. Fractures
7.1. Compound
7.1.1. Broken bone pierces skin
7.1.2. External wound leads down to bone which is broken
7.2. Greenstick
7.2.1. Bone is bent on one side and broken on opposite side
7.3. Comminuted
7.3.1. Bone is shattered/crushed into pieces
7.4. Complete
7.4.1. The two sections of bone are not touching each other
8. Osteoporosis
8.1. Loss of bone density
8.2. Old age, women after menopause
8.3. Changes in gonadal hormones
8.4. Nutritional disorders, physical disuse, endocrine problems
9. Softening of bone tissue due to lack of calcium
9.1. Osteomalacia (adults)
9.1.1. Not as dramatic results as rickets
9.1.1.1. Ossification already happened
9.2. Rickets (kids)
9.2.1. Vitamin D deficiency
9.2.1.1. Enough calcium isn't being absorbed
9.2.2. Soft and deformed bones
9.2.2.1. Bowed legs