1. Pathophysiology & Etiology
1.1. Pathophysiology
1.1.1. Endothelial dysfunction
1.1.2. Dysfunction in RAAS
1.1.3. Vascular resistance
1.2. Etiology
1.2.1. Primary Hypertension
1.2.1.1. Race
1.2.1.2. Smoking
1.2.1.3. Male gender
1.2.1.4. Diet High in Sodium
1.2.2. Secondary Hypertension
1.2.2.1. Illicit Drugs
1.2.2.2. Endocrine Disorder
1.2.2.3. Medications
1.2.2.3.1. Oral contraceptives
1.2.2.3.2. NSAIDs
1.2.2.4. Obstructive sleep apnea
2. Signs and Symptoms
2.1. Often asymptomatic
2.2. When symptomatic
2.2.1. Headaches
2.2.2. Dizziness
2.2.3. Shortness of breath
2.2.4. Nosebleeds
3. Risk Factors
3.1. Modifiable
3.1.1. smoking
3.1.2. Obesity
3.1.3. Stress
3.2. Non-Modifiable
3.2.1. Age
3.2.2. family history
3.2.3. Ethnicity
4. Impact and Complications
4.1. Cardiovascular
4.1.1. Heart Attack
4.1.2. Heart Failure
4.1.3. Aneurysm
4.2. Neurological
4.2.1. Stroke
4.2.2. Dementia
4.2.3. Transient Ischemic Attack
4.3. Renal
4.3.1. Chronic Kidney Disease
4.3.2. Kidney Failure
5. Diagnosis
5.1. Blood pressure measurement
5.1.1. Systolic ≥140 mmHg
5.1.2. Diastolic ≥90 mmHg
5.2. Imaging
5.2.1. Echocardiogram for complications
5.2.2. ECG
5.3. Lab Test
5.3.1. Initial Test
5.3.1.1. Fasting glucose
5.3.1.2. Uric Acid
5.3.1.3. Lipid profile
5.3.1.4. Hb and Hct
5.3.2. Additional Test
5.3.2.1. Urine
5.3.2.2. 24-hour urine for catecholamines/metanephrine
6. Treatment
6.1. Lifestyle Modifications
6.1.1. Smoking cessation
6.1.2. Weight loss
6.1.3. DASH diet
6.2. Medication
6.2.1. ARBs
6.2.2. ACE inhibitors
6.2.3. Beta blockers
6.2.4. Diuretics