Salts

1. Insoluble salts

1.1. Lead(II) Chloride & Silver Cholride

1.2. Barium sulphate, Calcium sulphate (sparingly soluble) & Lead(II) sulphate

1.3. All carbonates

2. Method to prepare salts: Titration

2.1. Preparation of sodium nitrate:

2.2. Step 1: Add Nitric acid to sodium hydroxide until the indicator changes colour

2.3. Step 2: This solution is sodium nitrate solution. Heat the solution.

2.4. Step 3: Cool and crystallise the solution when saturated

2.5. Step 4: Filter the solution to form crystals

3. Soluble salts

3.1. All sodium salts

3.2. All Potassium salts

3.3. All Ammonium salts

3.4. All nitrates

3.5. All chlorides/ bromides/ iodide/ fluoride

3.6. All sulphates

4. Method to prepare salts: Reacting an acid with an Insoluble metal, base or carbonate

4.1. Prepare zinc sulphate from hydrochloric acid and zinc metal

4.2. Step 1: Fill half a beaker with dilute sulphuric acid. Then add zinc powder, stir constantly until no more zinc will dissolve in the acid

4.3. Step 2; Filter to remove the excess (unreacted) zinc powder. Collect the filtrate. This is zinc sulphate solution

4.4. Step 3: Heat filtrate

4.5. Step 4: Leave filtrate to cool and crystallise when it is saturated

4.6. Step 5: filter to collect the crystals

5. Method to prepare salts: Precipitation

5.1. Separation and purification of lead (II) sulpahte:

5.2. Step 1: Pour about 50 cm^3 of Lead (II) nitrate solution into a small beaker. Add sodium sulphate solution (in excess) and stir until no more precipitate forms

5.3. Step 2: Filter to collect the precipitate

5.4. Step 3: Wash the precipitate with a small amount of distilled water to remove impurities

5.5. Step 4: Allow the precipitate to dry on a piece of filter paper