1. Family
1.1. Parent Involvement
1.1.1. Negative Impact
1.1.1.1. Lack of support
1.1.1.1.1. Time constraints
1.1.1.1.2. Parental uncertainty about support
1.1.1.1.3. Controlling
1.1.1.2. Lack of resources
1.1.1.3. Attitude toward academic performance
1.1.1.3.1. Use rewards and punishements
1.1.1.3.2. Display negative attitude or anger
1.1.1.4. Praise intelligence
1.1.2. Positive Impact
1.1.2.1. High expectations
1.1.2.2. Modeled positive attitude
1.1.2.3. Encourage positive attitude
1.1.2.4. Resources needed for success provided
1.1.2.5. Reading
1.1.2.5.1. Encourage reading
1.1.2.5.2. Talk about reading
1.1.2.5.3. Practice skills at home
1.1.2.5.4. Read to child
1.1.2.6. Clear rules about homework
1.1.2.7. Extra-curriculars encouraged
1.1.2.8. Parent belief in child's competence
1.1.2.9. Exposure to new experiences
1.1.2.10. Encouragement
1.1.2.10.1. Curiosity
1.1.2.10.2. Persistence
1.1.2.10.3. Problem solving
1.1.2.11. Praise effort and mastery
1.2. Family Background
1.2.1. Negative Impact
1.2.1.1. Low socioeconomic status
1.2.1.2. Single parent home
1.2.2. Positive Impact
1.2.2.1. High socioeconomic status
1.2.2.2. Parent education level
1.2.2.3. Supportive home environment
1.3. Culture
1.3.1. Possible Negative Impact
1.3.1.1. Stereotypes and discrimination
1.3.1.2. Perceptions of others
1.3.1.3. Cultural identity
1.3.1.4. Anxiety caused by cultural expectations
1.3.1.5. Parent opinions and values
1.3.2. Positive Impact
1.3.2.1. Positive image of identity
1.3.2.2. Fear of affirming stereotypes
2. Community
2.1. Types of Community involvement
2.1.1. Student Centered
2.1.1.1. Student Awards or incentives, scholarships, tutoring and mentoring programs, job shadowing, career focused activities
2.1.1.1.1. Evidence of where literacy skills will be needed
2.1.1.1.2. Geologist guest in Science class, Journalist in Language class, etc
2.1.2. Family centered
2.1.2.1. Parenting literacy workshops, fun family literacy nights, family incentives
2.1.2.1.1. Breakfast programs
2.1.2.1.2. Dual language programs
2.1.3. School Centered
2.1.3.1. Beautification projects, donation of reading material, classroom assistance by volunteers
2.1.3.1.1. Multi-age experiences
2.1.3.1.2. E.g. Big Brother/Big Sister
2.1.4. Community Centered
2.1.4.1. Charitable outreach, Art & Science exhibits, community revitalization projects
2.1.4.1.1. Connection to elders, those with special needs, infant care (i.e., Roots of Empathy)
2.1.4.1.2. Urban food gardens, Environmental activism
2.1.4.1.3. Arts Programs (i.e., Local Theatre House)
2.2. Community consists of:
2.2.1. Businesses
2.2.2. Universities/colleges
2.2.3. Organizations
2.2.4. Service Professionals & Agencies
2.2.5. Individuals
2.3. How does community involvement impact motivation?
2.3.1. Strengthens relationships & interpersonal connections
2.3.2. Provides knowledge, guidance and shared values
2.3.3. Schools can become "islands of hope" for disadvantaged youth
2.3.4. Educates students about possible career paths
2.3.5. Ignites unexpected interests and passions
2.3.6. Expands and connects students' understanding of the world outside of school
2.3.7. Celebrates cultural richness, enabling them to see their own culture represented (ethnicity, language, religion)
2.3.8. Meaningful learning, increased sense of purpose
2.3.9. More opportunity for hands on learning (act instead of simply observe)
2.3.10. More support provided through additional resources
2.3.11. Student recognition through community media
2.3.12. Provides role models (real life examples of acts of courage, compassion, duty and commitment they read about in books)
2.3.13. Builds background knowledge
2.3.14. Opportunity to test and expand skill sets
2.3.15. Improved attention, focus, and behaviour
3. School Culture
3.1. Motivated Leadership
3.1.1. Is the school's administration motivated to see a community of high standards and success?
3.1.1.1. A school needs strong and clear communication among and between all staff
3.1.1.2. A school needs to share a strong commore core set of values and goals that define what success in reading looks like
3.1.1.3. Publicly displaying and celebrating symbols of success including awards and achievements of students contributes to a culture of motivation to succeed
3.1.1.4. Group learning should be emphasized, encouraged and celebrated. Mixed grade groups, mixed ability groups, and mixed interest groups that are given various opportunities to problem-solve together helps to create greater respect for one another's unique strengths and abilities and thus makes individual risk-taking more palatable
3.1.2. Are classroom teachers motivated to see their students succeed; to become better teachers; to improve their own capacity? Are they rewarded appropriately for doing so?
3.1.2.1. Teachers need to be aware of apathy among their students, which can significantly hinder student motivation
3.1.2.2. Teachers should support students in setting individual goals to allow students to define their own criteria for success
4. Classroom Culture
4.1. How are students motivated to take risks?
4.1.1. Planned and purposeful cooperative learning activities help students experience the feeling that their individual contributions to a group effort were important for success
4.2. How is student work viewed, valued, and appraised?
4.2.1. Students are more motivated in a climate that emphasizes implicit rewards such as increased choice of task, and de-emphasizes the weight of external evaluation
4.3. Is student voice valued?
4.3.1. Students should be given the opportunity to influence classroom and school decisions in a meaningful way
4.3.2. Students should be given multiple opportunities to learn about topics of interest to them as chosen by them. By making their learning more personally relevent there is intrinsic motivation to do well and stay engaged
5. References
5.1. What Roles Do Parent Involvement, Family Background, and Culture Play in Student Motivation?
5.1.1. http://www.cep-dc.org/cfcontent_file.cfm?Attachment=UsherKober_Background4_Motivation_5.22.12.pdf
5.2. How can the culture of a school and classroom improve a student's motivation to learn and succeed?
5.2.1. https://learn.etfo-aq.ca/content/enforced/38579-A3213EC/docs/motivation.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=NbP5dzlOv4MckxgtBfnBeHi0H&ou=3857
5.3. Community Involvement in Schools
5.3.1. http://olms1.cte.jhu.edu/olms/data/resource/3766/Sanders,CommunityInvolvementinSchools.pdf
5.4. Promoting school support throughout Your Community
5.4.1. http://teaching.about.com/od/ParentalInvolvement/ht/Promoting-School-Support-Throughout-Your-Community.htm