1. Future
1.1. Infinitive + e, as, a, emos, an
1.2. Used to describe an object in the future
2. Subjunctive
2.1. Adverbial Caluses
2.1.1. A fin de que, a menos que, a no se que, antes de que, con tal de que, en caso de que, no sea que, para que, sin que
2.2. Adjective Clauses
2.2.1. Replaces the adjective, so use the adjectival when the antecedent is non-existent
2.3. Nominal Clauses
2.3.1. A noun clause takes the place of a noun.
2.3.2. Anything “triggers” subjunctive except truth or certainty.
2.3.3. W.E.I.R.D.O
2.4. Imperfect: hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubieramos, hubieran
2.4.1. Perfect: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
3. Present Progressive
3.1. The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to be" with the present participle
3.2. Drop the ending and replace:
3.3. Ar-ando
3.4. Er/Ir- iendo
3.5. Used to describe what you are doing.
3.5.1. ex: I am eating
4. Preterite
4.1. AR= e, aste, o, amos, aron
4.2. ER/IR= i, iste, io, imos, ieron
4.3. Completed actions, specific events, specific times, beginning/end, summary, non-action verbs
5. Infinitive
5.1. To+Verb=infinitive
5.2. When to is missing: special verb+direct object+infinitive-to
6. Imperfect
6.1. AR= aba, abas, aba, abamos, aban
6.2. ER/IR= ia, ias, ia, iamos, ian
6.3. Descriptions, background, age, time, action verbs
7. Por vs Para
7.1. Para=destination, purpose"in order to"do, deadline, comparison to the"norm", indicate employer, to/for whom
7.1.1. Ex. Este regalo es para Juan. - This gift is for Juan
7.2. Por= reason, cause, period of time, through space, imprecise location/time, means of communication/transportation, exchange,indicating substitution
7.2.1. Ex. Gracias por la informacion - thanks you for the information
8. Reflexive Verbs
8.1. A verb is reflexive when the subject and object are the same.
8.1.1. Ex. I wash myself. I being the subject, wash being the verb, and myself being the object.
8.1.2. Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
9. Directos y Indirectos
9.1. Direct= me, te, lo/la, nos, los
9.1.1. Indirect= me, te, le, nos, les
10. Indefinitvos y Negativos
10.1. Indefinitivos: alguien, alguno, algo, cualquiera, tambien, siempre
10.2. Negatives: nadie, ninguno, nada, tampoco, nunca
11. Demonstratives
11.1. este (this), ese (that), aquel (that over there)
12. Present
12.1. Drop the ar/er/ir at the end of the verb and add:
12.2. (AR) o, as, a, amos, an
12.2.1. (ER/IR) o, es, e, imos, en
12.3. Used to express what you are doing.
12.3.1. ex: I eat.
13. Ser vs Estar
13.1. Ser
13.1.1. Characteristics, origin, profession, time, posession
13.1.1.1. To be (name, lazy, smart, etc.)
13.1.1.2. ex: Soy Jonathan (I'm Jonathan forever, I'm never not going to be Jonathan)
13.1.2. Soy, eres, es, somos, son
13.2. Estar
13.2.1. Location, state, progressive
13.2.1.1. How someone/something is at the moment.
13.2.1.2. ex: estoy triste (I'm sad for the moment, but I could be happy later.)
13.2.2. Estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estan
14. Saber vs Conocer
14.1. Saber
14.1.1. To know facts, to know how to do something
14.1.1.1. ex: I know when the war of 1812 was.
14.2. Sustantivo + ser + dar + dueno
14.2.1. Mi, tu, su, nuestro, su
14.2.1.1. ex: My mother; Mi madre.
14.3. Conocer
14.3.1. To be familiar with someone or something
14.3.1.1. ex: I know a little about Madrid.
15. Possesion
15.1. To indicate ownership
15.1.1. There are 5 possessive adjectives: mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro
15.1.1.1. Three possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) have only two forms, singular and plural. Mi-mis, tu-tus, su-sus
15.1.1.1.1. Ex. Mi comida esta fria. My food is cold
16. Progresive
16.1. Part 1.
16.1.1. Estar= estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estan
16.1.1.1. I am doing something
16.1.1.1.1. ex: I'm talking -> Estoy hablando.
16.2. Part 2.
16.2.1. Gerund- verb+ando/iendo
16.2.1.1. I do something
17. Articles
17.1. Definite arcticles
17.1.1. ex: give me that cookie.
17.1.1.1. Indefinite articles
17.1.1.1.1. ex: give me a cookie.
17.2. el, la, los, las
17.2.1. a few
17.2.2. un, una, unos, unas
18. Perfecto
18.1. Replaces an adjective
18.1.1. Pluperfect: habia, habias, habia, habiamos, habian
18.1.1.1. had done something
18.1.1.1.1. ex: I had never done that before!
18.1.2. Present: he, has, ha, hemos, han
18.1.2.1. have done something
18.1.2.1.1. ex: I have never done something like that!
18.1.3. Futuro: habre, habras, habra, habremos, habran
18.1.3.1. will do something
18.1.3.1.1. ex: I will never do something like that!
18.1.4. Conditional: habria, habrias, habria, habriamos, habrian
18.1.4.1. would do something
18.1.4.1.1. ex: I would do that, but I don't have time!
18.2. Made up of a helping verb and a past participle
18.2.1. Helping Verbs extend the meaning of the verb
18.2.1.1. Past Participle: drop infinitive ending, add ado/ido
19. Interrogatives
19.1. Que, cual, cuanto, quien, donde, como, por que,cuando
20. Imperativo
20.1. Presente "yo"
20.2. Drop "o"
20.3. Opposite Ending
20.4. Ex: Hablar: x, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen
21. Conditional
21.1. Frequently used to express probability
21.1.1. would, cound have, probably, or must have
21.2. Infinitive + ia, ias, ia, iamos, ian
21.2.1. ex: hablar-> hablaria
21.2.1.1. comer -> comeria
22. Comparativos
22.1. más (menos) + adjective + que más (menos) + adverb + que más (menos) + noun + que
22.1.1. Used to compare things
22.1.1.1. ex: You are taller than I am
23. Superlativos
23.1. Used to say that someone/something is the absolute best at something
23.1.1. definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de
23.1.1.1. ex: John is the smartest in the class
23.1.1.1.1. ex: Steve is the best athlete in the world.
24. Igualdad
24.1. Comparisons using like or as
24.1.1. tan + adjective (adverb) + como
24.1.2. ex: The book is as good as the movie.
25. La Voz Pasiva con Ser
25.1. You use SER + the past participial to form the Voz pasada.
25.1.1. The past participial agrees with the modified name
25.2. You do not use the voz pasiva with : verbs of emotion, progressive time.
26. La Voz Pasiva con Se
26.1. SE+the 3rd person singular or plural verb - to express those actions where there is not a specific subject.
26.1.1. Ex. Se habla Espanol, Se venden biciletas