1. Field Note: Risking Lives for Remittances
1.1. Many immigrants risk their lives to find employment in new countries
1.1.1. If Cuban immigrants caught at sea, can be deported, can stay on land
1.2. Remittances: Money migrants send home to family
1.3. Reverse remittances: Money families send to immigrants
1.4. Most legal immigrants who come to USA in Latin America are from Mexico
1.5. NAFTA is North America Free Trade Agreement, allows freer trade between USA, Mexico, and Canada
2. What is migration?
2.1. Cyclist Movement
2.1.1. Type of movement involving short periods away from home
2.1.2. Helps create activity spaces
2.1.3. Nomadism is type of cyclist movement where people have no home and wander (found in parts of Asia and Africa)
2.2. Periodic Movement
2.2.1. Type of movement involving longer period of time away from home
2.2.2. Migrant labor is type of periodic movement, people cross borders to fill jobs
2.2.3. Transhumance is form of periodic movement, people move livestock and themselves according to season and availability of pastures
2.2.4. Military service is form of periodic movement, military personnel and families move to new locations due to duties lasting several years
2.3. Migration
2.3.1. Migration is movement resulting in permanent relocation across significant distances
2.3.2. Immigration is migration into a place
2.3.3. International migration is migration across country borders
2.3.4. Internal migration is migration occurring within a country
2.3.5. USA's mobility has been affected by economy
2.3.5.1. Economy downturn in 2007/2008 (mortgage crisis and higher unemployment rates) led to decreased number of long-distance moves
3. Why do people migrate?
3.1. Forced Migration
3.1.1. Forced migration is when migrant is forced by authority/power to migrate
3.1.2. Voluntary migration is when migrant has choice of where to go, what to do when there
3.1.3. The European migration to USA in 19th century, can be viewed as forced or voluntary (some forced due to political persecution, others wanted to come)
3.1.4. Studies show that men are often more mobile than women, often due to more options in employment
3.1.5. Largest, most devastating forced migration in history of humanity was African Slave Trade
3.1.5.1. Largest number of African slaves were forced to migrate to Brazil, French Caribbean, and the British Carribean
3.1.6. Other migrations that changed world demographic map are Great Britain shipping thousands of convicts to Australia, Us taking land of Native Americans, Soviet Union forcing non-Russians to move to Asia and Siberia, and holocaust
3.2. Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration
3.2.1. Ravenstein's 5 Laws of Migration; Every migration flow generates countermigration, majority of migrants move short distances, migrants who move longer distances mostly choose big-cities, urban residents less migratory than rural area residents, families less likely to make international moves than young adults
3.2.2. Gravity model predicts interaction between places on basis of population size and distance between them
3.2.3. Push factor is conditions/perceptions making migrant want to leave
3.2.4. Pull factor is circumstances that attract migrant
3.2.5. Distance decay is declining intensity of human interaction as distance from source increases
3.2.6. Step migration is when migrant stops at series of locations on way to final destination
3.2.7. Intervening opportunity is when migrant stay at a certain stop along the way to final destination longer than expected.
3.3. Types of Push and Pull Factors
3.3.1. Legal Status
3.3.1.1. Determines who is allowed to migrate into country
3.3.1.2. Deportation means sent back to original country
3.3.2. Economic Conditions
3.3.2.1. Economic conditions such as poverty and hunger in migrant's country will have large effect on migrant's decision to leave or stay
3.4. Political Circumstances
3.4.1. Immigrants have left Vietnam, Uganda, and Uganda due to tough political circumstances
3.5. Armed Conflict and Civil War
3.5.1. Former Yugoslavia conflict drove 3 million people away from their homes
3.6. Environmental Conditions
3.6.1. Environmental conditions and crises such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions cause migration
3.6.2. These can also have long-term changes, permanently alternating the migration rate
3.7. Culture and Traditions
3.7.1. People who fear their culture are likely to migrate away from it and their location
3.8. Technological Advances
3.8.1. Kinship links is deciding to migrate to place because a family member or friend is successful there
3.8.2. Chain migration is when migrant chooses new place to live, and family or friends decide to follow
4. Where do people migrate?
4.1. Global Migration Flows
4.1.1. Global-scale Migration is migration taking place across international boundaries, between world regions
4.1.2. Colonization is group of people taking over place, establish own government and rules
4.1.3. Waves of European colonization were to America, Central America, Africa, Australia, Indian, Carribean
4.2. Regional Migration Flows
4.2.1. Regional scale is interactions occurring within a region
4.2.2. Economic Opportunities
4.2.2.1. Islands of development are locations generally along coastlines with higher concentration of foreign investments, paying jobs, infrastructure compared to rest of country
4.2.3. Reconnection of Cultural Groups
4.2.3.1. Migration flows causes reconnecting of cultural groups across borders
4.2.3.2. Through wars, Israel expanded its area of territorial control for Jewish immigrants in Palestinian territories
4.2.4. Conflict and War
4.2.4.1. Cuban immigrants wanting to live in US through flow called Cuban Airlift, not wanting to be part of communist government
4.3. National Migration Flows
4.3.1. Can be thought of as internal migration flows
4.3.2. In US, migration stream carried center of population west and recently also south.
4.3.3. Russification is policy in Soviet Union designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of country
4.4. Guest Workers
4.4.1. Guest workers are migrants recruited to move to a certain place to work
4.4.2. Places have guest workers work outside of country, send remittances to family
4.4.3. After WWII, European countries sent workers to America due to rebuilding economy
4.5. Refugees
4.5.1. UNHCR is United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees
4.5.2. Refugee is person with well founded fear of persecution for race, religion, nationality, membership in particular political opinion
4.5.3. Vast majority of refugees flee to place in same region as home country (83%)
4.5.4. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people who've been displaced within own country, don't cross international border
4.5.5. Asylum is to be granted safety in certain country
4.5.6. Repatriation is refugee or group of refugees returning to home country
4.5.7. Regions of Dislocation
4.5.7.1. North Africa And Southwest Asia
4.5.7.1.1. Arab-Israeli conflict has gone on for 30 years, largest refugee flow in world
4.5.7.1.2. Gulf War of 1991 and current Iraq war is second most refugee flow, in millions
4.5.7.1.3. Taliban rule in 1996, Afghanistan took control over country causing large refugee flow
4.5.7.2. Africa
4.5.7.2.1. Nearly 2 million refugees due to wars in Liberia, Sierra Leonne, and Sudan throughout past 15 years caused refugees in Guinea, Ivory Coast
4.5.7.2.2. Genocide is deliberate killing of large group of people
4.5.7.3. South Asia
4.5.7.3.1. Due to war, Pakistan and Afghanistan both have large number of refugee camps
4.5.7.3.2. Civil war in Sri Lanka also caused need for refugee camps
4.5.7.4. Southeast Asia
4.5.7.4.1. Indochina, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar have all had refugee camps for nearly 40 years due to war and natural disasters
4.5.7.5. Europe
4.5.7.5.1. Collapse of Yugoslavia in 1990s and associated conflicts created Europe's largest refugee crisis since WWII
4.5.7.6. Other Regions
4.5.7.6.1. In Columbia, many refugees filled with people looking for protection from "narcoterrorists"
4.5.7.6.2. Columbia is only country in Western Hemisphere with internally placed person problem
5. How do governments affect migration?
5.1. Legal Restrictions
5.1.1. Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall, Korean DMZ, and fences along Rio Grande all efforts to restrict migration flows
5.1.2. Immigration laws control flow of people into a country
5.2. Waves of Immigration in the United States
5.2.1. Quota is set amount of immigrants from particular places allowed into country in given time period
5.2.2. In 1940s USA Congress modified restrictions on immigration to US, granted China, Japan, European countries equal status
5.2.3. Selective immigration is when people with criminal records or poor health aren't allowed into country
5.3. Post-September 11
5.3.1. After 9-11 incident many airlines and transportation companies have upgraded security methods
5.3.1.1. This caused government to focus on asylum-seekers, both legal and illegal immigrants, along with previous drug trafficking and human smuggling