1. Chytridomycota: only fungi that have flagellated spores
1.1. ex. chytrids
2. Protsomes & Deutrostomes
2.1. Proto = no spinal cord
2.2. Deutro = develop spinal cords
3. Fungi help break down dead animals and plants; play big role in animal kingdom
4. Plants and Anthropods go hand in hand because of the spreading of certain species and pollination, etc.
5. Eukaryotype: Contain organelles
5.1. Fungi
5.1.1. 4 Major Phyla
5.1.1.1. Ascomycota: sacs called ascu contain sexual spores
5.1.1.1.1. ex. yeasts
5.1.1.2. Zygomycota: zygospores contain sexual spores
5.1.1.2.1. ex. black bread mold
5.1.1.3. Basidiomycota: club shaped cells contain sexual spores
5.1.1.3.1. ex. mushrooms
5.2. Plants
5.2.1. Multicelllular, photosynthetic, develop from embryos, alternation of generations
5.2.1.1. Monocot: produce seeds in which the embryo has only one cotyleon (seed leaf)
5.2.1.2. Dicot: produce seeds on which the embryo has two catyleons
5.2.2. Phlyum
5.2.2.1. Non-Vascular (Bryophtes)
5.2.2.1.1. gametophyte is the dominant patron of the life cycle, limited in size,lack vascular tissue, found in moist habitats
5.2.2.2. Seedless Vascular
5.2.2.2.1. Vascular tissue, moist habitats, leaves called fronds, sorophyte is dominant part in life cycle
5.2.2.3. Seed Plants
5.2.2.3.1. gametophyte is much reduced (not free living), pollination replaces sperm cell swimming to egg, zygote protected in seed
5.2.2.4. Angiosperms
5.2.2.4.1. flowering plants, reproduction takes place in the flower, sporophyte is the dominant life cycle, gametophytes microscopic
5.2.2.5. Gymnosperm
5.2.2.5.1. naked seeds, sporophyte produces both male and female cores
6. What is Life?
6.1. Growth
6.2. Reproduction
6.3. Evolutionary Adaptation
6.4. Energy Utilization
6.5. Composed of cells
6.6. Homeostasis
6.7. Response to the Environment
7. Evolutionary trends
7.1. Amniotic egg
7.2. internal fertilization
7.3. water tight skin
7.4. other adaptations
7.4.1. reptiles and birds gained ability to survive on land
7.4.2. fish and amphibians require water t carry out part or all of their life cycle
8. Chordates
8.1. Sub Phlya
8.1.1. Urochordate
8.1.1.1. ex. Tunicates (sea squirts)
8.1.2. Cephalochordata
8.1.2.1. Filter feeders burrow and use pharyngeal gill slits for filter feeding
8.1.2.1.1. Ex. Krill
8.1.3. Vertebrata
8.1.3.1. Spinal column or backbone
8.1.3.2. Characteristics: closed circulatory system, presence of a tail, lungs and gills, two layered skin, jointed internal skeleton, body divided in 3, red blood contain hemoglobin, 2 pairs of appendages, anterior part of the dorsal hollow nerve cord is enlarged into brain
8.1.3.2.1. 3 parts: head, neck, trunk
8.1.3.3. Super Class
8.1.3.3.1. Agnathans (jawless fish)
8.1.3.3.2. Gnathostomata (jawed animals)
9. Animals
9.1. 9 Major Phyla
9.1.1. Porifera
9.1.1.1. Sponges. Sessile (anchored in one place), no nervous system, sexual reproduction occur within itself has male and female parts
9.1.1.2. Cells called ameobocyttes produce protein that develop needle like structures
9.1.1.2.1. Digestion, circulation, and excretion happen in ameobocytes
9.1.1.3. asymmetrical: no symmetry
9.1.1.3.1. ex. sea sponge
9.1.2. Cnidaria
9.1.2.1. 4 major groups
9.1.2.1.1. Anthozoa= corals, anemones
9.1.2.1.2. Cubozoa=box jellies
9.1.2.1.3. hydrozoa=fire corals, hydroids
9.1.2.1.4. scyphozoa= true jellyfish
9.1.2.2. simplest organism at the tissue level
9.1.2.2.1. Outer Ectodem; contain cnidocysts( stinging cells)
9.1.2.2.2. Inner Ectodem; lines the gut
9.1.2.2.3. In Between is Mesoglea; layer of jelly-like substance
9.1.2.3. Polyp is small structure that finds place to grow, medusa is adult jellyfish
9.1.3. Worms! (3 phlya)
9.1.3.1. Platyhelminthes
9.1.3.1.1. Flat Worms. Bilaterally symmetrical, centralized nervous system, three tissue layers
9.1.3.2. Nematodes
9.1.3.2.1. Round Worms. Bilateral symmetry(left and right side near identical), complete digestive tract, body cavity
9.1.3.2.2. Over half this phyla is parasitic
9.1.3.3. Annelida
9.1.3.3.1. Segmented worms. Bilateral symmetry
9.1.3.3.2. 2 Main Features: segmented fluid filled compartments to provide support. Two sets of muscles- circular and longitudinal
9.1.4. Molluscs
9.1.4.1. Characteristics: largest marine phylum, radula, most have shells, foot, contain mantle for breathing, variety of habitats
9.1.4.1.1. Mantle: 2 layers of skin
9.1.4.1.2. Radula: conveyer belt of teeth
9.1.4.2. Types
9.1.4.2.1. Gastropods:largest and most diverse, both marine and terrestrial organisms, shell is univalve(when present)
9.1.4.2.2. Cephalopods: all are marine, modified foot in head region, brains and gills, swim by push water out of mantle
9.1.4.2.3. Class Bivalvia: filter feeders, no head, no radula, two shells, little cephalization
9.1.5. Anthropods
9.1.5.1. Characteristics: jointed appendages. hard exoskeleton made of chitin and protein, segmented body, must jolt to grow
9.1.5.2. 3 Sub phyla
9.1.5.2.1. Chelicerates (spiders)
9.1.5.2.2. Uniramia (butterfly)
9.1.5.2.3. Crustacea (crabs,lobster)
9.1.6. Echinodermata
9.1.6.1. Parasites. ex. tapeworms
9.1.6.2. Usually depends on other animals for shelter or living conditions
9.1.6.2.1. ex. Living in an animals stomach feeding off nutrients it absorbs and the animal itself
10. Prokaryotype: single celled
10.1. Eubacteria
10.1.1. thick cell wall, flagella, rod-shaped
10.1.2. Ex.Bacillus subtilis
10.1.3. 3 Major Morphologies
10.1.3.1. Cocci (spherical)
10.1.3.2. Spirrila (spirals)
10.1.3.3. Bacilli (straight rods)
10.2. Archaebacteria
10.2.1. flagella, cell wall, rod-shaped and spherical
10.3. Protists
10.3.1. Sarcodines (characterized by pseudopods or false feet)
10.3.1.1. Amoeba
10.3.2. Ciliates (characterized by tiny hairs that help move it through water)
10.3.2.1. Ex. Paramecium
10.3.3. Zooflagellates (movie around by whipping flagella around through water or organs within animals)
10.3.3.1. Trypanosoma
10.3.4. Fungi Like Protists ( similar to fungi especially in nutrition and digestion)
10.3.5. Plant Like Protists (differences between classes depend on type of chlorophyll present and structure of cell wall
10.3.5.1. Ex. Algae
10.3.6. Movement (pseudopods, cilia, or flagella)
11. metamorphasis
11.1. complete metamorphasis
11.1.1. 4 stages
11.1.1.1. 1.embryo
11.1.1.2. 2.larva
11.1.1.3. 3.papa
11.1.1.4. 4.imego
11.2. incomplete metamorphasis
11.2.1. 3 stages
11.2.1.1. 1.egg
11.2.1.2. 2. nymph
11.2.1.3. 3.adult