1. reproductive organs
1.1. male
1.1.1. urethra
1.1.1.1. Tube which pass out uterine and spems
1.1.2. testis
1.1.2.1. Produces sperms and male sex hormones
1.1.3. scrotum
1.1.3.1. External skin which hold testes
1.1.4. sperms
1.1.4.1. Male reproductive cell
1.1.4.2. have a tail
1.1.4.2.1. movement of the tails helps the sperm to swim towards the egg
1.1.4.3. have a head
1.1.5. sperm duct
1.1.5.1. A muscular tube that carries sperms from testis to urethra for ejaculation
1.1.6. male sex glands
1.1.6.1. Secrete a fluid containing nutrients and enzymes
1.1.6.1.1. It reduces friction so the sperms can swim towards the ovums faster
1.1.6.1.2. The nutrients and enzymes provide the sperms with the energy to move.
1.1.7. penis
1.1.7.1. Erect when sexually excited
1.1.7.2. Insect into vagina during sexual intercourse
1.1.7.3. Sperms are ejaculated through the penis during sexual intercouse
1.1.8. storage duct
1.1.8.1. Store the sperms produced by the testes
1.2. female
1.2.1. fallopian tube(oviduct)
1.2.1.1. A muscular tube connecting the ovary to the uterus
1.2.1.2. The wall of the oviduct contracts to push the mature egg along the oviduct towards the uterus
1.2.2. ovary
1.2.2.1. ovum(egg)
1.2.2.1.1. contains a nucleus
1.2.2.1.2. female reproductive cell
1.2.3. vagina(birth canal)
1.2.3.1. A muscular tube
1.2.3.2. Connect cervix to the outside of the body
1.2.4. cervix
1.2.4.1. A ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus
1.2.4.2. Forms a barrier between the uterus and vagina
1.2.4.3. Hold the foetus in place until giving birth
1.2.4.4. During birth,it expands and allows the baby to pass through it
1.2.5. uterus(womb)
1.2.5.1. Develop fertilised ovum into foetus during pregnancy
1.2.5.2. uterine lining
1.2.5.3. Where fertilised ovum is implanted in
2. nucleus
3. Sexual Intercourse
3.1. Involves fertilisation
3.1.1. requires sperm to fuse with the egg
3.2. During sexual intercourse,erect penis is inserted into the vagina
3.3. Penis ejaculates semen into upper end of the vagina and sperms will swim into the uterus
4. Fertilisation
4.1. nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg
4.2. sperms deposited into the vagina and swim towards the ovum
4.3. Fertilised egg divides repeatedly to form the embryo
4.3.1. Embryo moves into the uterus and implant onto the uterine lining.The woman is now pregnant.
4.3.1.1. Embryo may stack in the oviduct and causes the oviduct to burst which will then causes the death of the mother and the embryo
4.3.1.2. The embryo gets the nutrients from the uterine lining
5. Pregnancy
5.1. After 9 months,the embryo develops into a foetus or unborn baby
5.2. Its legal to marry with a sibling from father side but not mother's
6. Heredity
6.1. The nuclei(plural of nucleus) of the sperm and egg contain genes
6.1.1. Genes are passed on to the new individual during fertilisation
6.1.2. The basic characteristic of a person is determined by the genes
6.1.2.1. Sperm contains father's DNA
6.1.2.2. Ovum contains mother's DNA
6.1.2.3. Zygote contains the mixture of parents' DNA
6.2. The characteristics the offspring inherit from the parents are known as hereditary characteristics
6.2.1. Egs of hereditary characteristics in a family
6.2.1.1. Hair type
6.2.1.2. Skin tone
6.2.1.3. Chin
7. Puberty
7.1. Boys
7.1.1. Starts puberty between 13 to 16 yrs old
7.1.2. Facial hair starts to grow
7.1.3. voice-box enlarges and voice deepens
7.1.4. penis and testes increase in size
7.1.5. production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs
7.2. Girls
7.2.1. Starts puberty between 11 to 14 yrs old
7.2.2. Breasts and uterus enlarge
7.2.3. Hips broaden
7.2.4. Menstruation begins
7.2.5. Ovums start to release
7.3. Common in Boys and Girls
7.3.1. The production of sex cells marks the beginning of puberty
7.3.2. Hair starts to grow in the armpits
7.3.3. hair starts to grow in the pubic region
7.3.4. Height grows rapidly
7.3.5. Reproductive System becomes active
7.3.6. Start to grow sex cells and sex hormones
8. Menstruation
8.1. Usually last 28 days
9. Menstruation
9.1. Marks the starting of menstual cycle
9.2. To allow the breaking down of uterine lining together with the blood and release the unfertilised ovum
9.3. When it stops,the uterine lining is very thin.Uterine lining then starts to repair and grow in thickness.
10. Repair and growth of the uterine lining
11. Fertile period
11.1. Uterine lining becomes thick
11.2. Ovulation
11.2.1. most likely will start on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle
11.2.2. A mature ovum will be released from either side of the ovary
11.2.2.1. The ovum will survive in the human body for 2 days
11.2.3. Ejaculation during this period is likely to result in pregnancy
12. Uterine lining remains thick
12.1. To supply the embryo with nuteients and oxygen for growth
13. Premarital Sex
13.1. Having sex before marriage.
13.2. Problems that may occur
13.2.1. unwanted pregnancy
13.2.2. Sexually transmitted infections(STI)
13.2.3. No money to support education and result in withdraw from the study
13.2.4. Male not ready to marry the female
14. Abortion
14.1. termination(end) of a pregnancy
14.2. A doctor surgically removes the embryo or foetus
14.3. Usually carried out within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.(beyond 12 weeks can be illegal
14.4. May infect or damage parts of the sexual reproductive system
14.5. May cause the woman to have difficulty to get pregnant again.
14.6. reasons for abortion
14.6.1. Mother may permanently harmed if the pregnancy continues.(The zygote stuck in oviduct)
14.6.2. The child may be born physically or mentally handicapped
14.6.3. Life of the mother and/or foetus is/are in danger
15. Birth Control Methods
15.1. By preventing ovulation
15.1.1. Contraceptive Pills
15.1.1.1. Contain female sex hormones which prevent ovulation
15.1.1.2. Prevent the release of a mature egg
15.1.1.3. Must note the amount
15.1.1.4. May suffer from side effects
15.2. By preventing implantation
15.2.1. Intra-Uterine Device(IUD)
15.2.1.1. Inserted by a doctor
15.2.1.2. Disrupt the function of the uterus by preventing the embryo becoming implanted to the uterine lining.
15.2.1.3. Often used by a newly married couple
15.3. By Surgical(Only permanant method)
15.3.1. Vasectomy(Male)
15.3.1.1. Tying and cutting part of the sperm ducts
15.3.1.2. No ejaculation
15.3.1.3. Unable to make the spouse pregnant
15.3.2. Tubal Ligation(Female)
15.3.2.1. Tying and cutting of both oviducts
15.3.2.2. Prevent sperms from meeting the egg
15.3.2.3. Fertilisation will not occur
15.4. By preventing ferlisation
15.4.1. Condom
15.4.1.1. To cover erect penis before sexual intercourse
15.4.1.2. Impermeable to sperms
15.4.1.3. Impermeable to bacteria and viruses(prevent STI)
15.4.2. Diaphragm
15.4.2.1. Inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix
15.4.2.2. Impermeable to sperms
15.4.3. Spermicide
15.4.3.1. Kills or block the sperms from entering
15.4.3.2. Inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse
15.4.3.3. Not reliable on its own,ofen used with a condom or diaphragm
15.5. Some temporary methods
15.5.1. Not having sex at all(abstinence)
15.5.2. Withdrawal of the penis just before ejaculation
15.5.3. Avoid having sex during ovulation
15.5.4. Use of chemicals
15.5.5. Use of mechanical devices
16. Sexually transmitted infections(STI)
16.1. Transmitted by
16.1.1. Having sex with an infected partner
16.1.2. Having multiple sex partners
16.1.3. Parents or partner
16.1.4. contact with body fluids
16.1.5. Contaminated blood
16.2. Prevention methods
16.2.1. avoid having multiple sex partners
16.2.2. avoid sharing instruments which may break the skin(razor,toothbrushes)
16.2.3. Use only needles that are free from bacterias and viruses
16.2.4. No abusing drugs or sharing of injection needles
16.2.5. Ensure donated blood is screened
16.3. Different infections
16.3.1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)
16.3.1.1. Infected by viruses
16.3.1.2. May causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)
16.3.1.2.1. Incurable
16.3.1.2.2. cause death
16.3.1.2.3. Infection stage of HIV
16.3.1.2.4. Immune system is severely damaged
16.3.1.3. Attacks the immune system
16.3.1.4. Makes the person to lose immunity and protection against common infections(eg:fever)
16.3.1.5. Infected person will suffer from severe weight loss,lung infections and brain infections
16.3.2. Syphillis
16.3.2.1. May suffer from blindness and inability to move some parts of the body
16.3.2.2. If left untreated,may lead to heart failure,insanity or even death.
16.3.2.3. Infected by bacteria
16.3.3. Gonorrhoea
16.3.3.1. Infected person may become infertile
16.3.3.2. Causes blind when the bacteria enter the baby's eyes
16.3.3.3. Infected by bacteria