1. Heredity
1.1. The nuclei(plural of nucleus) of the sperm and egg contain genes
1.1.1. Genes are passed on to the new individual during fertilisation
1.1.2. The basic characteristic of a person is determined by the genes
1.1.2.1. Sperm contains father's DNA
1.1.2.2. Ovum contains mother's DNA
1.1.2.3. Zygote contains the mixture of parents' DNA
1.2. The characteristics the offspring inherit from the parents are known as hereditary characteristics
1.2.1. Egs of hereditary characteristics in a family
1.2.1.1. Hair type
1.2.1.2. Skin tone
1.2.1.3. Chin
2. Puberty
2.1. Boys
2.1.1. Starts puberty between 13 to 16 yrs old
2.1.2. Facial hair starts to grow
2.1.3. voice-box enlarges and voice deepens
2.1.4. penis and testes increase in size
2.1.5. production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs
2.2. Girls
2.2.1. Starts puberty between 11 to 14 yrs old
2.2.2. Breasts and uterus enlarge
2.2.3. Hips broaden
2.2.4. Menstruation begins
2.2.5. Ovums start to release
2.3. Common in Boys and Girls
2.3.1. The production of sex cells marks the beginning of puberty
2.3.2. Hair starts to grow in the armpits
2.3.3. hair starts to grow in the pubic region
2.3.4. Height grows rapidly
2.3.5. Reproductive System becomes active
2.3.6. Start to grow sex cells and sex hormones
3. Menstruation
3.1. Usually last 28 days
4. Menstruation
4.1. Marks the starting of menstual cycle
4.2. To allow the breaking down of uterine lining together with the blood and release the unfertilised ovum
4.3. When it stops,the uterine lining is very thin.Uterine lining then starts to repair and grow in thickness.
5. Repair and growth of the uterine lining
6. Fertile period
6.1. Uterine lining becomes thick
6.2. Ovulation
6.2.1. most likely will start on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle
6.2.2. A mature ovum will be released from either side of the ovary
6.2.2.1. The ovum will survive in the human body for 2 days
6.2.3. Ejaculation during this period is likely to result in pregnancy
7. Uterine lining remains thick
7.1. To supply the embryo with nuteients and oxygen for growth
8. Premarital Sex
8.1. Having sex before marriage.
8.2. Problems that may occur
8.2.1. unwanted pregnancy
8.2.2. Sexually transmitted infections(STI)
8.2.3. No money to support education and result in withdraw from the study
8.2.4. Male not ready to marry the female
9. Abortion
9.1. termination(end) of a pregnancy
9.2. A doctor surgically removes the embryo or foetus
9.3. Usually carried out within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.(beyond 12 weeks can be illegal
9.4. May infect or damage parts of the sexual reproductive system
9.5. May cause the woman to have difficulty to get pregnant again.
9.6. reasons for abortion
9.6.1. Mother may permanently harmed if the pregnancy continues.(The zygote stuck in oviduct)
9.6.2. The child may be born physically or mentally handicapped
9.6.3. Life of the mother and/or foetus is/are in danger
10. Sexually transmitted infections(STI)
10.1. Transmitted by
10.1.1. Having sex with an infected partner
10.1.2. Having multiple sex partners
10.1.3. Parents or partner
10.1.4. contact with body fluids
10.1.5. Contaminated blood
10.2. Prevention methods
10.2.1. avoid having multiple sex partners
10.2.2. avoid sharing instruments which may break the skin(razor,toothbrushes)
10.2.3. Use only needles that are free from bacterias and viruses
10.2.4. No abusing drugs or sharing of injection needles
10.2.5. Ensure donated blood is screened
10.3. Different infections
10.3.1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)
10.3.1.1. Infected by viruses
10.3.1.2. May causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)
10.3.1.2.1. Incurable
10.3.1.2.2. cause death
10.3.1.2.3. Infection stage of HIV
10.3.1.2.4. Immune system is severely damaged
10.3.1.3. Attacks the immune system
10.3.1.4. Makes the person to lose immunity and protection against common infections(eg:fever)
10.3.1.5. Infected person will suffer from severe weight loss,lung infections and brain infections
10.3.2. Syphillis
10.3.2.1. May suffer from blindness and inability to move some parts of the body
10.3.2.2. If left untreated,may lead to heart failure,insanity or even death.
10.3.2.3. Infected by bacteria
10.3.3. Gonorrhoea
10.3.3.1. Infected person may become infertile
10.3.3.2. Causes blind when the bacteria enter the baby's eyes
10.3.3.3. Infected by bacteria
11. reproductive organs
11.1. male
11.1.1. urethra
11.1.1.1. Tube which pass out uterine and spems
11.1.2. testis
11.1.2.1. Produces sperms and male sex hormones
11.1.3. scrotum
11.1.3.1. External skin which hold testes
11.1.4. sperms
11.1.4.1. Male reproductive cell
11.1.4.2. have a tail
11.1.4.2.1. movement of the tails helps the sperm to swim towards the egg
11.1.4.3. have a head
11.1.5. sperm duct
11.1.5.1. A muscular tube that carries sperms from testis to urethra for ejaculation
11.1.6. male sex glands
11.1.6.1. Secrete a fluid containing nutrients and enzymes
11.1.6.1.1. It reduces friction so the sperms can swim towards the ovums faster
11.1.6.1.2. The nutrients and enzymes provide the sperms with the energy to move.
11.1.7. penis
11.1.7.1. Erect when sexually excited
11.1.7.2. Insect into vagina during sexual intercourse
11.1.7.3. Sperms are ejaculated through the penis during sexual intercouse
11.1.8. storage duct
11.1.8.1. Store the sperms produced by the testes
11.2. female
11.2.1. fallopian tube(oviduct)
11.2.1.1. A muscular tube connecting the ovary to the uterus
11.2.1.2. The wall of the oviduct contracts to push the mature egg along the oviduct towards the uterus
11.2.2. ovary
11.2.2.1. ovum(egg)
11.2.2.1.1. contains a nucleus
11.2.2.1.2. female reproductive cell
11.2.3. vagina(birth canal)
11.2.3.1. A muscular tube
11.2.3.2. Connect cervix to the outside of the body
11.2.4. cervix
11.2.4.1. A ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus
11.2.4.2. Forms a barrier between the uterus and vagina
11.2.4.3. Hold the foetus in place until giving birth
11.2.4.4. During birth,it expands and allows the baby to pass through it
11.2.5. uterus(womb)
11.2.5.1. Develop fertilised ovum into foetus during pregnancy
11.2.5.2. uterine lining
11.2.5.3. Where fertilised ovum is implanted in
12. nucleus
13. Sexual Intercourse
13.1. Involves fertilisation
13.1.1. requires sperm to fuse with the egg
13.2. During sexual intercourse,erect penis is inserted into the vagina
13.3. Penis ejaculates semen into upper end of the vagina and sperms will swim into the uterus
14. Fertilisation
14.1. nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg
14.2. sperms deposited into the vagina and swim towards the ovum
14.3. Fertilised egg divides repeatedly to form the embryo
14.3.1. Embryo moves into the uterus and implant onto the uterine lining.The woman is now pregnant.
14.3.1.1. Embryo may stack in the oviduct and causes the oviduct to burst which will then causes the death of the mother and the embryo
14.3.1.2. The embryo gets the nutrients from the uterine lining
15. Pregnancy
15.1. After 9 months,the embryo develops into a foetus or unborn baby
15.2. Its legal to marry with a sibling from father side but not mother's
16. Birth Control Methods
16.1. By preventing ovulation
16.1.1. Contraceptive Pills
16.1.1.1. Contain female sex hormones which prevent ovulation
16.1.1.2. Prevent the release of a mature egg
16.1.1.3. Must note the amount
16.1.1.4. May suffer from side effects
16.2. By preventing implantation
16.2.1. Intra-Uterine Device(IUD)
16.2.1.1. Inserted by a doctor
16.2.1.2. Disrupt the function of the uterus by preventing the embryo becoming implanted to the uterine lining.
16.2.1.3. Often used by a newly married couple
16.3. By Surgical(Only permanant method)
16.3.1. Vasectomy(Male)
16.3.1.1. Tying and cutting part of the sperm ducts
16.3.1.2. No ejaculation
16.3.1.3. Unable to make the spouse pregnant
16.3.2. Tubal Ligation(Female)
16.3.2.1. Tying and cutting of both oviducts
16.3.2.2. Prevent sperms from meeting the egg
16.3.2.3. Fertilisation will not occur
16.4. By preventing ferlisation
16.4.1. Condom
16.4.1.1. To cover erect penis before sexual intercourse
16.4.1.2. Impermeable to sperms
16.4.1.3. Impermeable to bacteria and viruses(prevent STI)
16.4.2. Diaphragm
16.4.2.1. Inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix
16.4.2.2. Impermeable to sperms
16.4.3. Spermicide
16.4.3.1. Kills or block the sperms from entering
16.4.3.2. Inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse
16.4.3.3. Not reliable on its own,ofen used with a condom or diaphragm
16.5. Some temporary methods
16.5.1. Not having sex at all(abstinence)
16.5.2. Withdrawal of the penis just before ejaculation
16.5.3. Avoid having sex during ovulation
16.5.4. Use of chemicals
16.5.5. Use of mechanical devices