1. HOW TO DEFINE
1.1. (NOT PREFERED) COMPARE INVENTIONS: 'FORCE, EFFECT AND CONSEQUENCES OF INVENTIONS'(FRANCIS BACON)
1.2. FIRST: DEVELOP SOME TENTATIVE HYPOTHESES
1.3. (PREFERED) MEANINGS OF THE ADVENT OF PRINTING
1.4. OUTCOME: COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
1.4.1. INCREASE IN THE OUTPUT OF BOOKS
1.4.2. REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF MAN-HOUR
1.5. MY VIEW: It's quite wise to choose a specific term and explain it in the perspective of media ecology.
2. CULTURAL FEATURES
2.1. GUIDENCE
2.1.1. MY VIEW: Less than I thought for lacking explorations.
2.2. THE TRANSLATION ITSELF: INCREASED OUTPUT AND ALTERED INTAKE
2.2.1. THE 'SPREAD' OF LITERACY>ALREADY LITERATE SECTOR
2.2.1.1. MORE EMPHASIZE ON CROSS-FERTILIZATION/CROSS-CULTURAL INTERCHANGE
2.2.2. PRINTING MADE BOOKS CHEAP AND PLENTIFUL
2.2.2.1. THE ERA OF GLOSSATOR AND COMMENTATOR
2.2.2.2. THE ERA OF INTENSE CROSS REFERENCING BETWEEN ONE BOOK AND ANOTHER
2.2.3. SIXTEENTH-CENTURY KNOWLEDGE EXPLOSION'S REASONS
2.2.3.1. THE DESIRE TO MASTER ORIGINAL TONGUES
2.2.3.2. AN ENCYCLOPEDIC URGE
2.2.4. MORE ABUNDANTLY STOCKED BOOKSHELVES
2.2.4.1. INCREASE OPPORTUNITIES TO CONSULT AND COMPARE DIFFERENT TEXTS
2.2.4.1.1. CROSS-CULTURAL INTERCHANGES
2.2.4.2. MY VIEW: Also in an encyclopedic urge, how lovely it is!
2.3. SOME EFFECTS PRODUCED BY STANDARDIZATION
2.3.1. PUBLISHING ERRATA (SOME OF THE STANDARDIZATION)
2.3.1.1. A NEW CAPACITY
2.3.1.1.1. TO LOCATE TEXTUAL ERRORS WITH PRECISION
2.3.1.1.2. TO TRANSMIT THIS INFORMATION SIMULTANEOUSLY TO SCATTERED READERS
2.3.2. DIFFICULTY OF MULTIPLYING IDENTICAL IMAGES BY HAND
2.3.2.1. MY VIEW: It's hard to imagine the era when maps copied by hand.
2.3.3. ESPRIT DE SYSTEME
2.3.3.1. EFFECTS OF THE DECISIONS MADE BY EARLY PRINTERS
2.3.3.1.1. TOOL-MAKING
2.3.3.1.2. SYMBOL-MAKING
2.4. SOME EFFECTS PRODUCED BY REORGANIZING TEXTS AND REFERENCE GUIDES: RATIONALIZING, CODIFYING, AND CATALOGUING DATA
2.4.1. EDITORIAL DECISIONS MADE BY EARLY PRINTERS
2.4.1.1. HELP TO REORGANIZE THE THINKING OF READERS (PROBABLY)
2.4.1.1.1. MY VIEW: It happens till now actually.
2.4.2. INCREASING USE OF FULL ALPHABETICAL ORDER (FOR BOOK CATALOGUES AND INDEXES)
2.4.2.1. INTRODUCTION OF PAPER
2.4.2.1.1. LESS COSTLY TO PREPARE THE CARD-FILES
2.5. THE NEW PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION: FROM THE CORRUPTED COPY TO THE IMPROVED EDITION
2.5.1. COMPETITIVE PRESSURE
2.5.1.1. ISSUE A MORE COMPLETE INDEX
2.5.1.2. ISSUE A MORE SYSTEMATIC COMPILATION
2.5.1.3. IMPROVE THE WORK OF PREDECESSORS
2.5.1.3.1. SUGGEST HOW THE IMMEMORIAL DRIFT OF SCRIBAL CULTURE HAD NOT MERELY ARRESTED BUT ACTUALLY REVERSED
2.5.1.4. MAY BE BOASTED
2.5.1.4.1. EARLY PRINTED BOTANY BOOKS UNDERWENT THE SAME SITUATION
2.5.2. OUTCOMES
2.5.2.1. OUTCOME: THE NEW MEDIUM MADE THIS PROCESS MORE VISIBLE TO LEARNED MEN AND OFFERED A WAY OF OVERCOMING IT FOR THE FIRST TIME
2.5.2.2. TYPOGRAPHICAL FIXITY IS A BASIC PREREQUISITE FOR THE RAPID ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING
2.6. THE PRESERVATIVE POWERS OF PRINT: FIXITY AND COMULATIVE CHANGE
2.6.1. BEFORE: MUCH IS PRESERVED WHEN LITTLE IS WRITTEN; LITTLE IS PRESERVED WHEN MUCH IS WRITTEN
2.6.2. AFTER: QUANTITY COUNTED FOR MORE THAN QUALITY
2.7. AMPLIFICATION AND REINFORCEMENT: THE PERSISTENCE OF STEREOTYPES AND OF SOCIO-LINGUISTIC DIVISIONS
2.7.1. ARCHETYPES WERE CONVERTED INTO STEREOTYPES
2.7.2. MY VIEW: The comparison about giant and cliches is interesting here.
2.7.3. FIXING OF LITERARY LINGUISTIC FRONTIERS
2.7.4. MORE EFFECTIVE: TRANSCENDING LANGUAGE BARRIERS
2.7.5. FIXING OF RELIGIOUS FRONTIERS
2.7.6. OTHERS
2.8. A HEARING PUBLIC TO A READING PUBLIC: SOME UNEVENLY PHASED SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
2.8.1. BOTH MIND AND SOCIETY WERE AFFECTED BY PRINTING (MCLUHAN)
2.8.2. SECULARIZATION: COMMUNION WITH THE SUNDAY PAPER HAS REPLACED CHURCH-GOING
2.8.3. WEAKEN LOCAL COMMUNITY TIES
2.8.4. PRIVATE LIFE VS PUBLIC AFFAIRS
2.8.4.1. COMMUNAL SOLIDARITY
2.8.4.1.1. VICARIOUS PARTICIPATION IN MORE DISTANT EVENTS
2.8.4.2. LOCAL TIES
2.8.4.2.1. LINKS TO LARGER COLLECTIVE UNITS
2.8.4.3. MY VIEW: Must look in the long run.