1. Willard Waller
1.1. Educational sociologist who asserted that schools are separate social organizations
1.1.1. Schools have a definite population.
1.1.2. Schools have a clearly defined political structure (principal, vice principal, deans, counselors, etc).
1.1.3. Schools represent a central network of social relationships
1.1.4. Schools are permeated with a "we" ideal rather than a "me" ideal.
1.1.5. Schools each have a definite culture that is specific o the individual school.
2. Perspectives of Education
2.1. Conservative
2.1.1. Originated in 1800s
2.1.2. Based on ideas of Charles Darwin (Social Darwinism).
2.1.3. Individuals must compete in society to survive.
2.1.4. Progress depends on initiative and hard work
2.1.5. FREE MARKET economy of capitalism viewed as most productive.
2.2. Liberal
2.2.1. Originated in 1900s
2.2.2. Based on John Dewey and Progressivism.
2.2.3. Concerned with equality and balancing economic productivity with social and economic needs. CAPITALISM.
2.3. Neo-Liberal
2.3.1. Combination of both conservative and liberal perspective.
2.3.2. Believe failures in school are due to teacher unions, teacher tenure, layoffs based on seniority, and the absence of accountability
3. Viewpoints of Society
3.1. Liberal
3.1.1. Positive with reservations.
4. Traditional Views
4.1. hard work, individual initiative, and family unity
4.2. Reading, writing, etc.
5. Progressive Views
5.1. schools are central to solving social problems
5.2. essential to development of individuals
5.3. integral part of democratic society
5.4. What can we do to make society better?
6. The History of U.S. Education
6.1. 1635 Boston Latin Grammar
6.1.1. Supported by $ from the town
6.2. 1636 Harvard
6.3. 1647 "Od Deluder Satan LAW"
6.3.1. Kept men from learning scriptures. Learn to read from the Bible.
6.4. 1687-1890 New England Primer
6.4.1. 1st reading textbook.
6.5. 1751 Franklin Academy
6.5.1. Education w/a modern twist
6.6. 1782 Noah Webster's American Spelling Book
6.6.1. Taught children reading, morality, government, etc.
6.7. 1785,1787 Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance
6.7.1. Every town had to have and pay for school (property tax)
6.8. 1821 Emma Willard's Troy Female Seminary
6.8.1. Women's Right Activist. 1st secondary school for girls.
6.9. 1837 Horace Mann
6.9.1. Universal public education is the best!! His reform is credited for popularization of "Normal Schools."
6.10. 1855 First Kindergarten
6.11. 1874 Kalamazoo Case
6.11.1. Established the use of taxes to fund public schools (Michigan).
6.12. 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson
6.12.1. Racial segregation in public facilities under "separate but equal" principle.
6.13. 1909 First Junior High
6.14. 1919 Progressive Education Programs
6.14.1. John Dewey and Lab School. Hands on and inquiry based learning.
6.15. 1932 Roosevelt's New Deal Education Programs
6.15.1. Help people who suffered from The Great Depression
6.16. 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights
6.16.1. Tuition and training for soldiers returning from war (WWII).
6.17. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education
6.17.1. Overturned Plessy v, Ferguson. Separate is not equal!!
6.18. 1957 Sputnik
6.18.1. Led to increased federal educational funding. 1958 National Defense Education Act
6.19. 1964-1965 Head Start Funded
6.20. 1972 Title IX
6.20.1. Prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in public education and federally assisted programs.
6.21. 1975 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
6.22. 1979 Cabinet-Level Department of Education
6.23. 1983 A Nation at Risk
6.24. 2002 No Child Left Behind
6.24.1. Increased school accountability?
7. Sociology of Education
7.1. Focus on the influence of schooling on equity and opportunity
7.2. Schools serve as 'gatekeepers" of knowledge and skills, and hence provide students with both economic and social worth in the world of employment.
7.3. 3 Major Theories
7.3.1. Functional Theory
7.3.2. Interactional Theory
7.3.3. Conflict Theory
7.4. Influences of School
7.4.1. Tracking
7.4.1.1. The entire school population is assigned to classes according to whether the students' overall achievement above average, normal, or below average.
7.4.2. De Facto Segregation
7.4.2.1. Racial segregation that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement.
7.4.3. Gender
7.4.3.1. Gender is an essential characteristic for organizing social life.
8. Philosophy of Education
8.1. Realism
8.1.1. Teacher Led.
8.1.2. Back to Basics (Math, Reading, Writing)
8.1.3. Direct Instruction, orderly classroom environment
8.1.4. Theorist, William Bagley
8.1.5. Syllogism - logical argument applies deductive reassoning
8.1.6. Empirical POV - Observation or experience
8.1.7. Tabula Rasa
8.1.8. Essentialism
8.2. Idealism
8.2.1. Teacher Led
8.2.2. Perennialism
8.2.3. Focus on Classic Literature and shuns textbooks. Curriculum follows "Great Books" like the Bible, The Iliad, The Odyssey, etc.
8.2.4. Theorists, Robert Hutchins & Mortimer Adler
8.2.5. Electives are unnecessary
8.3. Pragmatism
8.3.1. Student Led
8.3.2. Pregressivism
8.3.3. Group/collaborative learning. Learn by doing. Project based learning. Real world experiences. Meaningful questions.
8.3.4. Theorists, John Dewey & Nel Noddings
8.4. Neo-Marxism
8.4.1. Student Led
8.4.2. Focus on bettering society/social awareness (ie. community service). Flexible, o with the flow, integrated curriculum. Intelligent problem solvers.
8.4.3. Theorists, George S. Counts & Paulo Friere
8.5. Existentialism
8.5.1. Student Led
8.5.2. Students choose pace of learning and determine their grade through self evaluation.
8.5.3. Shuns traditional. Helps students find meaning to their lives.
8.5.4. Phenomenology
8.5.5. Hermeneutics
8.5.6. Waldorf Schools & WOOL CHICKENS
9. Government and Schools
9.1. Decentralized
9.2. Centralized
9.2.1. Gov. tells schools what to do. Teachers are given a script.
9.2.1.1. France
9.2.1.2. Great Britain
10. Foundations of Education
10.1. 4 Issues in Education
10.1.1. Poverty in Schools
10.1.1.1. Socio-economic
10.1.2. Reduction in Literacy
10.1.3. Assessment Issues
10.1.3.1. High Stakes Testing
10.1.4. School Funding
11. Educational Inequality
11.1. Social Class
11.1.1. Biggest offender in achievement gaps
11.1.2. Poverty creates frustration. Give-up or act out.
11.2. Crisis in Urban Education
11.2.1. Inequity in school financing. More $$ in property tax. Schools in rural areas get less tax revenue.
11.2.2. Staffing Crisis
12. Educational Reform
12.1. A Nation at Risk, 1983
12.1.1. Content
12.1.1.1. Students work towards proficiency in English, math, science, and foreign language.
12.1.2. Standards
12.1.2.1. Colleges should raise admission standards and standardized testing standards
12.1.3. Time
12.1.3.1. Longer school days
12.1.4. Teaching
12.1.4.1. Teacher salaries should be competitive, market sensitive, and performance-based. Teachers must show competence in academic discipline.
12.1.5. Leadership & Fiscal Support
12.1.5.1. Federal gov. plays big role in financial assistance and research and graduate training.
12.1.6. First wave of education reform
12.1.6.1. Focused on equity, clarified educational goals, developing common core, eliminating tracking programs, changes in vocational education, technology in education, intensity in academic learning, and training better teachers.
12.2. No Child Left Behind, 2001
12.2.1. Second wave of education refform
12.2.1.1. 6 GOALS
12.2.1.1.1. 1. Ready to learn
12.2.1.1.2. 2. 90% HS graduation increase
12.2.1.1.3. 3. Competency
12.2.1.1.4. 4. U.S. 1st in Math & Science
12.2.1.1.5. 5. Literate adults with competitive global economy skills
12.2.1.1.6. Drug free & violence free schools
12.3. Conservative
12.3.1. Return to basics, return to traditional curriculum, and accountability.
12.4. Liberal
12.4.1. Support quality with equality, effective research, enhanced opportunities.
13. Role of Schools
13.1. Conservative
13.1.1. School provides educational training to ensure talented and hard working students get the tools they need to thrive.
13.2. Liberal
13.2.1. Schools should train and socialize students. All students should have an equal opportunity to succeed.
14. Curriculum and Pedagogy
14.1. Learning Styles
14.1.1. Linguistic - Verbal
14.1.2. Visual/Spatial - images, pictures, art
14.1.3. Intrapersonal - self smart, aware
14.2. Common Core
14.2.1. Ensures that all students learn the same things.
14.2.2. Teaches kids how to think.
14.2.3. Teaches the concept behind things.