1. Schools as Organizations
1.1. Educational Reform
1.1.1. constructive teaching
1.1.2. instructional teaching
1.1.3. making education more availble
1.2. Emphasis
1.2.1. structure
1.2.2. role
1.2.3. function
1.3. Conflicts
1.3.1. culture of schools
1.3.2. individuality
2. Curriculum and Pedagogy
2.1. Pedagogy
2.1.1. method of teaching
2.1.1.1. theory and practice of teaching
2.1.2. function of a teacher
2.2. Critical Approaches to Teaching
2.2.1. Intellectuals
2.2.2. Pursue Pedagogical Stratagies
2.2.3. Systematic Views
3. Equality of Opportunity
3.1. right supposedly guaranteed by both federal and many state laws against discrimination in education
3.2. Student Achievement
3.2.1. Opportunity to Learn
3.2.2. Socioeconomic Status
4. Educational Inequality
4.1. difference in the learning results of students' efficacy from different groups
4.1.1. grades
4.1.2. GPA score
4.1.3. test scores
4.1.4. drop-out rates
4.1.5. college statistics
4.1.6. college completion rates
4.2. Private Schools vs. Public Schools
4.2.1. SAT scores
4.3. Socioeconomic
4.3.1. interaction of social and economic factors
5. Educational Reform
5.1. goal of changing public education
5.2. Nation at Risk
5.2.1. 1983
5.3. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
5.3.1. First Amendment's Establishment Clause
5.3.2. 2002
5.4. close achievement gaps
5.5. promote rigorous accountability
5.6. ensure students are on the track to college
5.7. promote student achievement
5.8. Race to the Top
5.8.1. No Child Left Behind
6. Politics of Education
6.1. Conservative Perspective
6.1.1. Emphasizes on the Individual
6.1.1.1. An individual can fail or succeed.
6.1.1.2. Failure and success are based on one's effort/skills.
6.1.1.2.1. Individual Effort is Rewarded
6.1.1.3. Individuals compete in the social environment.
6.1.1.3.1. Essential to Economic and Social Stability
6.1.2. Darwinist
6.1.3. William Graham Summer, sociologist
6.2. Traditional Vision of Education
6.2.1. Traditional Values of U.S. Society
6.2.1.1. Hard Work
6.2.1.2. Family Unity
6.2.1.3. Individual Initiative
7. History of U.S. Education
7.1. 1821
7.1.1. First Public High School
7.2. 1855
7.2.1. First Kindergarten Class
7.3. 1896
7.3.1. Case of Plessy V. Furgeson
7.3.1.1. Case settles separate but equal
7.4. 1954
7.4.1. Case of Brown V. Board of Education
7.4.1.1. Case settles desegregation in schools
7.5. 1972
7.5.1. Title IX
7.5.1.1. Prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex
7.6. 2002
7.6.1. No Child Left Behind
7.6.1.1. Act of Standardized Testing
8. Sociological Perspectives
8.1. Sociology
8.1.1. Forcing sharp and analytic questions about the societies and cultures in which people live
8.1.2. Sociology in Education
8.1.2.1. Theories of the relation between schools and society
8.1.2.2. Schools influencing social inequalities
8.1.2.3. School processes affecting the lives of children, teachers, and other adults
8.1.2.3.1. Knowledge and Attitudes
8.1.2.3.2. Employment
8.1.2.3.3. Education and Mobility
8.2. Four Interrelated Levels of Sociological Analysis
8.2.1. Societal
8.2.1.1. system of social stratificaton
8.2.2. Institutional
8.2.2.1. families, schools, churches etc.
8.2.3. Interpersonal
8.2.3.1. processes, symbols, and interaction
8.2.4. Intrapsychic
8.2.4.1. individual's thoughts, beliefs, and values
8.3. Theoretical Perspectives
8.3.1. Functional
8.3.1.1. Educational reform is to create structures, programs, and curricula
8.3.2. Conflict
8.3.2.1. Social order is based on the ability of dominant groups imposing their will on subordinate groups through force, cooptation, and manipulation
8.3.3. Interactional
8.3.3.1. Speech patterns reflect social class backgrounds and schools are middle-class organizations, disadvantaging working-class children
9. Philosophy of Education
9.1. Philosophy
9.1.1. basis of solving problems in schools due to the social order
9.2. Goals
9.2.1. Teachers
9.2.2. Curriculum
9.2.3. Methods