1. research evidence presented
1.1. distinct opportunity for collaboration among students and teachers while also supporting individual meaning making
1.2. extending the learning potential beyond the classroom walls/providing greater opportunities for situated learning
1.3. providing opportunities to engage students in learning relevant educational content
2. issues investigated
2.1. communication and collaboration between the various educational stakeholders
2.2. new opportunities made available via mobile devices in extending learning beyond the traditional classroom environment into authentic field-based contexts
2.3. simulate, real-world learning through game-based instructional strategies
3. trends observed
3.1. growth of m-learning research
3.2. high concentration in specific content areas
3.2.1. natural science 29%
3.2.2. language arts 18%(
3.2.3. math 17%
3.2.4. social studies 11%
3.3. regional themes
3.3.1. Asia 51%-Taiwan (majority)
3.3.2. Europe 24%
3.3.3. North America 11% (excluding the U.S.)
3.4. school level
3.4.1. elementary (grades K-5) 55%
3.4.2. middle school (grades 6-8)14%
3.4.3. high school (grades 9-12) 21%
3.4.4. multiple levels 10%
4. Comparing findings of mobile learning between K-12 and adult education
4.1. similarities
4.1.1. demonstrated enthusiasm about the potentials of m-learning
4.1.2. focused on utilizing affordances of what mobile devices can offer
4.1.3. reported more positive outcomes
4.1.4. indicated a clear increase of more data-based studies published in more recent years
4.1.5. examined design and implementation of specific mobile systems, few on apps and mobile games-based research
4.2. differences
4.2.1. comparison studies employing intervention groups
4.2.1.1. adult education: less comparison studies
4.2.1.2. K-12: more comparison studies
4.2.2. academic content areas
4.2.2.1. adult education: language learning, health sciences, general sciences (including engineering)
4.2.2.2. K-12: natural sciences, mathematics, social studies, language learning
4.2.3. setting
4.2.3.1. adult education: higher education
4.2.3.2. K-12: elementary level
4.2.4. examining user perceptions toward mobile use and assessment
4.2.4.1. adult education: appeared
4.2.4.2. K-12: did not appear