1. Education
1.1. research has shown that investment in girls' education decreases fertility rate, lowers infant and child mortality, cuts maternal mortality, increases woman labour force participation, and fosters educational investment in children
1.2. Although female enrollment in Education has risen rapidly since the 1990's there is still a substantial gap in upper primary and secondary schooling
1.3. girls have high rates of drop out and poor attendance relative to boys
1.4. gender inequalities interlock with other forms of social inequality, notably case, and religion
2. Birth Ratios
2.1. Birth ratios is a fundamentally important gender issue.
2.2. The "natural" global rate is about 105 male births for every 100 female births. This excess male births compensate for male's higher mortality rate. However, in some countries the excess of male births is significantly higher than the average. This is because the preference for a male child causes the abortions of female fetuses and female infanticide.
2.2.1. The place where this is most apparent is china, where in 2005 the birth ration was 119 males to 100 females. In some provinces the number was estimated to be somewhere as high as 140.
3. Health
3.1. up to the age of of 14 higher male mortality occurs because boys are more likely to die from poisoning or injury
3.2. by the age of 15 boys have 65% higher mortality than girls
3.3. for the 20-24 age group, male mortality is 2.8 times higher
3.4. the least well-off woman have lower mortality than the most well-off men
3.5. however woman have a higher risk of being visually impaired than men
3.5.1. but they do not have equal access to medical treatments to treat the problems
3.6. HIV/AIDS
3.6.1. women and girls are at a greater risk of infection and have more difficulty to try and protect themselves from it
3.6.2. homosexual men are also very vulnerable to HIV infection
3.6.3. woman who fear or experience violence lack the power to ask their partners to use condoms or refuse unprotected sex
3.6.4. their lower status and limited livelihood opportunities often force women and girls to turn to transactional sex to survive
3.6.4.1. leading to HIV
4. Employment
4.1. restricting job opportunities for women for women cost the Asia and pacific countries region
4.2. It has been estimated that closing the gender unemployment gap would boost GDP in
4.2.1. the usa as much as 9%
4.2.2. the EU as much as 13%
4.2.3. Japan as much as 13%
4.3. the argument for all these reports it that woman account for half the world's talent and undervaluing and underusing this talent can result in major economic costs.
4.4. Research in the UK has shown that their different occupational and domestic positions make women more vulnerable to poverty than men.
4.5. women are more likely to be employed part time increasing the risk of underemployment and reducing opportunities for promotion.
4.6. a vicious cycle of gender discrimination is perpetuated because senior positions are often linked to the ability to work long or unsocial hours which segregates women into lower paid jobs.
4.7. A study conducted by the international poverty center concluded that while it is important to eliminate other aspects of gender inequality, promoting women's participation in the labour market is the aspect with the greatest potential to enhance pro-poor growth.
5. Empowerment
5.1. The highest female representation in parliament is in Europe with 20.56% and the lowest is in Oceania with 7.5%
6. Culture
6.1. In cultures where there are set out mens and woman's jobs women have less of a chance to advance in an occupation which not does usually involve women.
6.2. In china rural women may still
6.2.1. have to eat in the kitchen when guests arrive
6.2.2. continue to be disadvantaged by unequal education and job oppurtunities
6.2.3. are critiqued by social drinking when men are not
6.2.4. may be expected to leave in he middle of technical training classes because they have to cook lunch for their children, husbands
7. Status
8. Family Size
8.1. Because of the preference for a male child family size is often concluded by the birth of just one male child.
8.1.1. Studies have chosen that women are more likely to use contraceptive methods when they have boys or boys and girls than when they just have girls.
8.2. A study in Egypt showed hypothesized that smaller family size may lead to more equitable childbearing practices, when parents have fewer children, they may be more attentive to the survival and well-being of all their children.
8.3. Research in the USA examining the relationship between the gender of children already born, and the likelihood of having subsequent children, found that couples with previous children of the same gender are constantly more likely to bear an additional child.
9. Migration
9.1. recent research has extended the Todaro hypothesis by suggesting that males receive larger monetary returns than females as a result of migration and have a higher incentive to move to urban areas
9.2. In a study of rural to urban migration in Kenya J. and R. Agessa found that rural men are signifcantly higher educated than rural women and will therefore will migrate to urban areas to get better jobs.
10. Legal Rights and Land Tenure
10.1. Women face widespread discrimination around the world with regard to land and property. The agrarian reforms implemented in many countries from the 1950's to the 1970's were gender blind
10.1.1. they were based on the assumption that all household members would benefit equally, when this was simply not the case
10.1.1.1. for example many women in developing countries lose their homes, inheritance and possesions, and sometimes even their children when their partner dies.
10.2. In most societies women have very unequal access to, and control over, rural land and associated resources. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization has stated that 'denying large segments of rural society equitable access to land creates anticipated costs and is a major contributing factor to extreme poverty
11. Impacts of Globalization
11.1. Some writers have argued that globalization has increased gender inequalities in some parts of the world
11.1.1. this stance stresses the fact that women are very differently positioned in different parts of the world.