Foundations of Education

Get Started. It's Free
or sign up with your email address
Foundations of Education by Mind Map: Foundations of Education

1. Curriculum and Pedagogy

1.1. Humanist curriculum is based off of the idealist. Teachers present best teaching by being able to understand all of the thoughts and what is being written.

1.2. Functionalists argues that the school curriculum represents the codification of the knowledge that that students need to become competent to society.

1.3. The social efficiency curriculum was a philosophically pragmatist approach.

2. Equality of Opportunity

2.1. * The Achievement Gap refers to the observed, persistent disparity of educational measures between the performance of groups of students (especially groups defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity or gender). **Females achieve at higher levels in reading at ages 9, 13 and 17 but achieve at lower levels in science at ages 9, 13 and 17. This is an example of sociological research that illustrates the impact of achievement gaps in schools on equal educational opportunities.

2.2. The Coleman Report

2.2.1. Coleman's work was often misinterpreted that schools do not matter, that only families mattered.

2.2.2. Subsequent work was designed to identify characteristics of schools that did matter, so that the impact of schools relative to those families could be increased.

2.2.3. It was an influential and controversial study. The Coleman Report was based on an in depth study on educational opportunity and was mandated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and was directed by sociologist James Coleman. (The national sample included almost 650,000 students and teachers in more than 3,000 schools.

2.3. Caste Stratification occurs when agrarian societies social levels are defined in terms of strict criteria such as race or religion.

2.4. Class Stratification occurs when industrial societies define social levels in terms of hierarchy of differential achievement by individuals, especially in economic pursuits.

2.5. Estate Stratification happens when agrarian societies base their social levels in terms of the hierarchy based on the families worth.

2.6. There are five different Social Stratification in the USA; Upper, Upper Middle, Lower Middle, Working Class, and Lower Class (Underclass).

2.6.1. % of the population in each class- Upper Class: 1 – 3% Upper Middle Class: 15 % Lower Middle Class: 25% Working Class: 40% Underclass/Lower Class 20%

3. Educational Inequality

3.1. Theories

3.1.1. Cultural Deprivation - sociological theory in which it claims that the working class cannot easily gain cultural capital, which hinders their access to education and upward social mobility.

3.1.2. Cultural Differences Theories - First theory claims that African American children do less well in school because they adapt to their oppressed position in the class structure. Second theory claims that working class and non-white students are resisting the dominant culture of school systems. Third theory is that Asian Americans possess family values that place greater emphasis on educational achievement along with high expectations for their children.

3.1.3. Genetic/Biological Differences Theory is that they are born smart or not smart. There is no change.

3.2. Interactionist theory states that we must understand how people within institutions, such as families or schools, interact on a daily basis in order to understand the factors that explain academic success or failure.

3.2.1. Student Centered or Extra School explanations of inequalities focus on the factors that are outside of school, such as family, the community, culture, peer groups and the individual student themselves.

3.2.2. School Centered or Within Schools explains the inequalities that are focused on the factors within the school such as the teachers, teaching methods, curriculum, school climate and teacher expectations.

3.2.3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU

3.3. Conflict theorists believed that the role of schooling was to reproduce instead of eliminate inequality (this assertion is consistent with data that shows educational outcomes that are strongly linked to family background).

3.4. The Functionalist Vision of a “just society” is one where individual talent and hard work are based on universal principles of evaluation.

3.4.1. Functionalists expect that the process of schooling will produce unequal results, but that the results should be due to individual differences between students, not on group differences.

3.4.1.1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8T2wjMAMvc

4. Educational Reform

4.1. No Child Left Behind

4.1.1. Schools that don’t meet AYP for two years are labeled “In Need of Improvement”. This means that schools must offer the students the option to go to another public school and/or receive federally funded tutoring. Funds would also be made available for teacher professional development. If the school does not meet subsequent year’s AYP, it would be subject to restructuring.

4.1.2. States and districts are required to report school by school data on student test scores, broken out by whether the student is African American, Hispanic American, Native American, Asian American, white non-Hispanic, special education, limited English proficiency, and/or low income.

4.1.2.1. Schools must have “highly qualified teachers” for teachers in the core academic subjects.

4.1.3. Annual testing required of students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math, plus at least one test in grades 10 through 12 with science testing. Graduation rates are used as a secondary indicator for high schools.

4.1.3.1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB_wtysn_Wo

4.2. Goals for 2000

4.2.1. Goal 1: All children should start school ready and able to learn

4.2.2. Goal 2: High School graduation rates will increase to at least 90%

4.2.3. Goal 3: American students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12, having demonstrated competency in challenging subjects, so that they will be prepared for responsible citizenship, futher learning, and productive employment.

4.2.4. Goal 4: Students in the US will be the first in the world to have math and science achievement.

4.2.5. Goal 5: Every American Adult will be literate and will possess the necessary skill set to compete in the global economy.

4.2.6. Goal 6: Every school system in America will be free of drugs, violence and will offer disciplined environments that are conducive to learning.

4.3. Race to the Top

4.3.1. Adopting standards and assessments that prepare students to succeed in college and the workplace and to compete in the global economy.

4.3.2. Recruiting, developing, rewarding and retaining effective teachers and principals.

4.3.2.1. Turned around the lowest level achieving school systems.

4.3.3. Building data systems that measure student growth and success and inform teachers and principals about how they can improve instruction.

4.3.4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S9jjNyXAE4

4.4. A Nation At Risk

4.4.1. There are two waves in regards to this.

4.4.1.1. The first wave of educational reform in the United States stressed the need for increased educational excellence and the need for increasing of the educational standards.

4.4.1.1.1. Focused on

4.4.1.2. The second wave was about the recommendations that were made at the State Governor's Conference.

4.4.1.2.1. Focused on

4.5. The Carnegie report entitled A Nation Prepared : Teachers for a 21st Century focused on the educational quality of teacher education programs.

4.5.1. It asserted:

4.5.1.1. *The necessity to reorganize the academic and professional components of teacher education programs

4.5.1.2. Teacher education programs lacked rigor and intellectual demands which would negatively impact success and student achievement in schools.

4.5.1.3. The need to attract and retain competent teacher candidates

5. Politics of Education

5.1. Conservative Perspective

5.1.1. looks at human and social evolution as adaptation to changes in the environment - from this point of view, individuals and groups must compete in the social environment in order to survive, and human progress is dependent on individual initiative and drive.

5.2. Liberal Perspective

5.2.1. believes that free market, if left unregulated, is prone to significant abuses, particularly to those groups who are disadvantaged economically and politically. Also believes that the capitalist market economy is prone to cycles of recession that must be addressed through government intervention.

5.3. Radical Perspective

5.3.1. does not believe in free market capitalism is the best form of economic organization, but rather believes that democratic socialism is a fairer political-economic system. Suggests that the capitalist system also produces fundamental contradictions that ultimately will lead to its transformation into socialism.

5.4. Neo-liberal Perspective

5.4.1. is often a synthesis of conservative and liberal perspectives. Neo-liberal reformers have critiqued failing traditional urban public schools and attribute their failures to teacher unions and their support of teacher tenure and layoffs based on seniority and the absence of student, teacher and school accountability to ensure improvement.

5.5. Traditional Visions of Education

5.5.1. tend to view the schools as necessary to the transmission of the traditional values of the U.S. society. Believes that schools should pass on the best of what was and what is. Encompasses the right liberal to the conservative spectrums.

5.6. Progressive Visions of Education

5.6.1. tends to view the schools as central to solving social problems as essential to the development of individual potential and as an integral part of democratic society. Encompasses the left liberal and radical spectrums and believes that schools should be part of the steady progress to make things better.

6. History of U.S. Education

6.1. Reform Movement

6.1.1. Older Deluder Laws

6.1.2. All Boys Public School

6.1.3. Women's Education Reform

6.1.4. Charter Schools

6.1.5. No Child Left Behind

6.2. Historical Interpretation

6.2.1. Democratic-Liberal School which believed that history of the US education was a progressive evolution of the school system in which it offered an equal opportunity for everyone.

7. Sociological Perspectives

7.1. Three Effects

7.1.1. Teacher Behavior

7.1.2. Knowledge and Attitude

7.1.3. Peer Groups and Alienation

7.2. Theoretical Perspectives

7.2.1. Functional

7.2.2. Conflict

7.2.3. Interactionist

8. Philosophy of Education

8.1. Pragmatism- an American philosophy developed in latter times and is based off of instrumentalism and experimentalism. The teacher becomes the facilitator in the classroom while the students apply prior knowledge to what is being learned.

8.1.1. Progressive

8.1.1.1. Based on students needs and interests.

8.2. https://youtu.be/1njxPkKu_cc

8.3. Realism is sort of like idealism but follow Plato and Aristotle. Students will learn and understand the principles that will help them solve problems.

8.4. https://youtu.be/eTCjHZWmgG0

8.5. Neo-Marxism- the role of education is to reproduce the economic, social, and political status quo.

8.6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKs06C0hC2A

8.7. Existentialism and Phenomenology- a modern philosophy. Focuses on the needs of the students both cognitively and affectively. Teachers take risk and work constantly to enable the students to become "wide awake".

8.8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilg7PiDD8yY

8.9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVGAxMo-kiw

9. Schools as Organizations

9.1. No Child Left Behind requires teachers to be highly qualified with a college degree, full certification and demonstrable content knowledge.

9.2. School- Teachers do the decisions making on the curriculum, disciplinary acts and other academic things.

9.3. Local School Board - Madison County Board of Education

9.4. Superintendent for Madison County Schools is Matt Massey