1. Politics of Education
1.1. Progressivism is more student centered learning. Students learn when they are more involved
1.2. Traditional teaching is too boring. Teaching should adapt to the students not the other way around.
1.3. Progressivisms is learning by doing.
1.4. Everyone should have equal opportunity.
2. History of U.S. Education
2.1. Brown vs. Board of Education- declared state laws establishing public schools for blacks ans white unconstitutional.
2.2. Horace Mann- founder of American public schools
2.3. Major reform movement that won support to make education to all children
3. Sociological Perspectives
3.1. Helps provide general social patterns in behavior of particular individuals.
3.2. encourages everyone to realize that society guides our thoughts and needs
3.3. 3 effects of schooling that have an impact
3.3.1. technology
3.3.2. religion
3.3.3. environment
4. Educational Reform
5. Educational Inequality
6. Equality of Opportunity
7. Curriculum and Pedagogy
7.1. What is taught by schools
7.1.1. Schools required to teach state mandated materials
7.1.2. Curriculum is simplified and tends to ignore political and social aspects of what is being taught.
7.2. Politics of Curriculum
7.2.1. Questions
7.2.1.1. One of the main questions asked: "Who shapes curriculum?"
7.2.1.2. "Whose values are represented?"
7.3. Sociology of Curriculum
7.3.1. Focused not just on what is taught but why it is taught.
7.3.2. Believe the curriculum of the school includes both what is formally included as the subject matter learned the formal curriculum as well as the informal material.
8. Schools as Organizations
8.1. Openness
8.1.1. Arranged
8.1.1.1. K-6
8.1.1.2. 6-8
8.1.1.3. 7-9
8.1.1.4. 9-12
8.1.2. Schools are made to make sure students have multiple opportunities for their advancement.
8.1.2.1. Advanced Diploma
8.1.2.2. Standard Diploma
8.1.2.3. Drop Out
8.2. Government
8.2.1. Federal
8.2.1.1. Little money towards education
8.2.1.2. Little authority in the public schools
8.2.2. State
8.2.2.1. More money towards public schools
8.2.2.2. Maintains curriculum, safety codes, and skills for teaching.
8.2.3. District
8.2.3.1. Majority of funding to school is by taxpayers
8.2.3.2. Mandates made are carried out by citizens of a district.
9. Philosophy of Education
9.1. Pragmatism
9.1.1. Founders
9.1.1.1. George Sanders Pierce
9.1.1.2. William James
9.1.1.3. John Dewey
9.1.2. American philosophy developed in the 19th century.
9.2. Idealism
9.2.1. First systematic philosophy in the Western thought
9.2.2. Created by the Greek philosopher Plato
9.3. Realism
9.3.1. Follows in the same historical traditions as idealism.
9.3.2. Created by Plato and Aristotle
9.4. Existentialism and Phenomenology
9.4.1. A modern philosophy with roots in the bible
9.4.1.1. Some philosophers are Soren Kiekegaard, Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers, and Jean Paul Sartre.
10. Equality of Opportunity
10.1. Students with Special Needs
10.1.1. Congress passed the education of all handicapped children a law in 1975
10.1.2. Parents with special needs children tend to put more pressure on the education system
10.2. Class
10.2.1. Different social classes have different experiences
10.2.1.1. Wealthier the family the better the education
10.2.1.2. Teachers expect more from the middle and upper class and are given more attention
10.2.1.3. There is a higher chance of middle and upper class going to college and receiving a degree
11. Educational Inequality
11.1. Do schools reproduce inequality?
11.2. Cultural Differences Theories
11.2.1. Students from lower socioeconomics backgrounds face problems in their community due to:
11.2.1.1. Racism
11.2.1.2. Poverty
11.2.1.3. Institutional Process
11.2.2. Working class and non-white students
11.2.2.1. Minority oppressed
11.2.2.2. May arrive at school with different cultural dispostions
12. Educational Reform
12.1. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) (BUSH)
12.1.1. Has historically underserved low-income and minority children through curriculum tracking, poor instruction, and low-quality teachers in urban schools.
12.1.2. Mandates the uniform standards for all students in order to reduce and eventually eliminate the social class and race achievement gap by 2014
12.2. Race to the Top (OBAMA)
12.2.1. Grants will aid states while they work to meet the NCLB mandates, improve students outcomes, and eliminate achievement gaps
12.2.2. Many states adopted the common core standards