The Late Nineteenth Century Thought, and Development

1. Zionism

1.1. A political organization and movement that inplemented beliefs of independence and emacipation from Chrisitian powers within the Jewish community

2. Rationalism

2.1. Belief that reason should be provided to validate one's actions or opinions

3. Modernism

3.1. 20th century artistic movement that challenged traditional methods of aesthicism and experimentation

4. positivism

4.1. belief that science should be provided to solve social and economic problems

4.1.1. g

5. utilitarianism

5.1. Theory by Jeremy Bentham that the greatest happiness for the greatest number

6. materialistic determinism

6.1. The belief that moral, intellectual, and vocational choices are based on material factors

7. Catholic modernism

7.1. A movement of biblical criticism occurred within the church

8. sociology

8.1. The study of the development of society

9. cosmopolitanism

9.1. The belief that humans share morality and therefore live in one community

10. bureaucratization

10.1. The increase in the number of government and business bureas

11. uncertainty principle aesthetic

11.1. The quantum theory

12. classical philologist

12.1. The profession, where one studies everything ancient translated into Greek of Latin

13. ego

13.1. One of the three parts to human behavior, consisting of a balanced id and superego

14. Kulturkampf

14.1. German policy regarding the influence of the Catholic Church

15. First Vatican Council

15.1. The assembly of popes in 1869, lead by Pope Pius XI, to discuss emerging beliefs (liberalism, rationalism, materialism)