Lipids
by Yee Qi Tey
1. Functions
1.1. Triglycerides
1.1.1. provides energy
1.2. Cholesterol
1.2.1. Bile acids (liver to intestine)
1.2.2. steroid hormone (adrenal glands, testes)
1.2.3. phospholipid bilayer
2. Insoluble in water, carried in blood as lipoprotein
2.1. HDL -good cholesterol -promote removal of cholesterol from tissues
2.1.1. good cholesterol
2.2. LDL -bad cholesterol -responsible for atherosclerosis
2.2.1. bad cholesterol
2.3. VLDL -mainly TG
2.4. Chylomicrons -rich in TG
3. Lipid-lowering drugs
3.1. Nicotinic acid (niacin) -increase HDL -reduce release of VLDL by the liver
3.2. Fibrates -PPAR activator -reduce TG -stimulate LPL
3.2.1. Clofibrate
3.2.2. Gemfibrozil
3.2.3. Fenofibrate
3.3. BAR
3.3.1. Colesevelam
3.3.2. Colestipol
3.3.3. Cholestyramine
3.4. Cholesterol absorption inhibitor (Ezetimibe) -inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol
3.5. Statin
3.5.1. MOA
3.5.1.1. inhibit HMG CoA reductase enzyme -inhibit cholesterol synthesis
3.5.1.2. upregulation of LDL receptor expression -increased removal of LDL from blood
3.5.2. Examples
3.5.2.1. Atorvastatin
3.5.2.2. Pravastatin
3.5.2.3. Simvastatin
3.5.2.4. Lovastatin
4. Hyperlipidemia
4.1. atherosclerosis
4.1.1. CAD, stroke, hypertension etc