1. Toxicity studies
1.1. Branch of science that study the adverse effects of chemical/biological agents on people, animals, and the environment
1.2. Important in the development of new drugs
1.3. Help in deciding whether a new drug should be tested in humans for clinical use
2. Antimicrobial
2.1. Agent that kill microorganisms or inhibits their growth
2.1.1. Antibiotics: Bacteria
2.1.2. Antifungal: Fungi
2.1.3. Antivirus: Virus
3. Biomedical ethics
3.1. To conduct animal toxicological testing, one should be approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC)
4. Types of toxicity study
4.1. Acute toxicity study
4.1.1. Aim
4.1.1.1. Determine lethal dose (LD50)
4.1.1.1.1. Used for the estimation of the toxicity of the chemical agents
4.1.1.2. Short term assessment
4.1.1.3. Evaluation of potential hazard test substance
4.1.1.4. Single dose administration
4.1.2. Importance
4.1.2.1. To identify the target organ of toxicity
4.1.2.2. Provide information needed for the dose selection in prolonged toxicity studies
4.2. Sub-acute toxicity study
4.2.1. Aim
4.2.1.1. Determine toxicity likely to arise from repeated dose exposure
4.2.1.2. Determine organs affected by different dose levels
4.2.1.3. Establish doses for sub-chronic studies
4.2.1.4. Determine maximum tolerable dose and nature of toxicity
4.2.2. Evaluation
4.2.2.1. Changes in body weight of each rat will be assesed
4.2.2.1.1. Once before commencement of dosing
4.2.2.1.2. Once weekly during dosing period
4.2.2.1.3. Once on the day of sacrifice
4.2.2.2. Clinical signs will observed daily
4.2.2.3. Hematological analyses
4.2.2.4. Histopathological analyses of the heart, liver, and kidney
4.3. Chronic toxicity study
4.3.1. Multiple dose
4.3.2. Orally by feeding
4.3.3. Conducted for 90 days (3 months)
4.3.4. Evaluation
4.3.4.1. The animal behaviours, food, and water intake will be observed daily
4.3.4.1.1. Locomotion
4.3.4.1.2. Salivation
4.3.4.1.3. Lethargy
4.3.4.1.4. Drowsiness
4.3.4.1.5. Fur and skin alteration
4.3.4.2. Measure the body weight
4.3.5. Hematological analyses
4.3.6. Histopathological analyses of the heart, liver, and kidney