1. Politics of Education
1.1. The Conservative Perspective
1.1.1. Charles Darwin
1.1.2. William Graham Sumner
1.1.3. Adam Smith
1.1.4. Ronald Regan
1.2. Traditional Vision
1.2.1. Schools are necessary to the transmission of the traditional values of the U.S. society, such as hard work, family unity, individual initiative....
1.2.2. School should pass on the best of what was and is.
2. History of U.S. Education
2.1. Education Reaction and Reform and the Standards Era: 1980s-2012
2.1.1. President Clinton's Goals 2000 in 1994
2.1.2. President G. W. Bush's No Child Left Behind in 2001
2.1.3. President's Obama's Race to the Top in 2009
2.2. The Conservative Perspective
2.2.1. Diane Ravitch's The Troubled Crusade (1983)
2.2.2. William Bennett
2.2.3. Allen Bloom
3. Sociological Perspectives
3.1. Functional Theories
3.1.1. Emilie Durkheim's Moral Education (1962)
3.1.2. Emilie Durkheim's The Evolution of Educational Thought (1977)
3.1.3. Emilie Durkheim's Education and Sociology (1956)
3.2. Effects of School
3.2.1. Well-being and Self-esteem
3.2.2. Higher Achievements
3.2.3. More Employment Opportunities
4. Philosophy of Education
4.1. Plato
4.2. St. Augustine
4.3. Ideas can change lives.
4.4. Teacher plays an active role in students finding the desired outcome.
4.5. Students are encourage to work together.
4.6. Study of the past will show the roots of our problems today and how other people dealt with the problems.
5. Schools as Organizations
5.1. John King Jr. is our nation's current Secretary of Education.
5.1.1. His job is to provide solutions to problems in education.
5.1.2. Although, he has very little authority over public schools.
5.2. In the U.S., each state controls their seprarate school systems.
5.2.1. Also, each state has a private school system.
5.2.2. Very few countries decentralize the education system to this degree.
5.3. At first, education was paid by local property taxes.
5.3.1. This creates a gap in funding for many areas.
5.3.2. Low income area will not recieve the same amount of property taxes as the high income areas.
5.4. Ardmore High School is in district 6 of Limestone County.
5.4.1. Mr. Anthony Hilliard (Representative of District 6 on the Limstone County School Board)
5.4.2. Dr. Tom Sisk (Limestone County Schoool's Superintendent)
5.4.3. Mary Scott Hunter (Limestone County Representative for the Alabama State Board of Education)
5.4.4. Tommy Bice (Alabama State Board of Education Superintendent)
5.4.5. Danny Crawlford (House of Representative)
5.4.6. Bill Holtzclaw (State Senate)
6. Curriculum and Pedagogy
6.1. Social Meliorist Curriculum
6.1.1. Developed based on the writings of John Dewey.
6.1.2. Concerned roles of school with reforming society and social efficieny curriculum.
6.1.3. George Counts and Harold Rugg believed schools should change society or help slove society's problems.
6.2. Functionalist
6.2.1. Believed students should be taught the knowledge to become proficient memebers of society.
6.2.2. Believed this was the way to maintain social stability.
6.2.3. Came from Emily Durkheim's fear of social and moral breakdown of the society from modernization.
7. Equality of Opportunity
7.1. Women
7.1.1. Now, female students are less likely to drop out of school than male students.
7.1.1.1. While more men attend a secondary school than women, more women attend a post-secondary school than men.
7.1.2. Females are likely to excell in reading and writing, where as, males are more likely to excell in math.
7.1.3. While the educational gap has been reduced, males still have advantages when competing for academic prizes.
7.2. Round Three Response to Coleman's Study
7.2.1. Borman and Dowling agree with Coleman about race and class predicts academic success.
7.2.2. Borman and Dowling believe school segregation based on race and socioeconomic are the factors responsible for the academic gap.
7.2.3. Borman and Dowling believe the biases that favor whites and the middle class must end to reform education.
8. Educational Inequality
8.1. Genetic Differences
8.1.1. Psychologist Arthur Jensen believed different races was more intelligent than other races because of genetics.
8.1.2. With evidence of intelligence having a gentic componet, C. J. Hurn belived intelligence was more affected by social aspects.
8.1.3. This arguement of gentics playing a role of intelligence was still very controverial in the 1990s with Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murry.
8.2. School Financing
8.2.1. Most funding for schools comes from property taxes.
8.2.1.1. Communities with higher value of properties produce more funding for the schools.
8.2.1.2. Communities with lower values of properties produce less funding for the schools.
8.2.2. Some people believes this funding denies students for an equal opportunity from the 14th Amendment.
8.2.3. In the 2009- 2010 school year, some schools spent less than half of others schools in Suffolk county per student.
9. Educational Reform
9.1. School-Business Partnerships
9.1.1. Committee to Support Philadelphia Public Schools offered mangement assistance and training.
9.1.2. The city promised in four years to raise test scores and grade promotion.
9.1.3. Other partnerships includes a business providing scholarships to lower income student from a high school to have the chance at college.
9.2. Full Service and Community Schools
9.2.1. Goal is to meet the all the needs of the student and his family: educational, physical, psychological, and social needs.
9.2.2. Schools are open extended hours to offer adult education, heath clinics, recreation facilities, and more.
9.2.3. They are design to help and improve at-risk neighborhoods.