1. Politics of Education
1.1. Conservative Perspective
1.2. Education is broad while schooling is a more narrow concept
1.3. Ronald Reagan was thought by many to have made a great impact on education
1.4. Many people were for the No Child Left Behind Act until all of the standardized tests were implemented
1.5. Purposes of schooling: intellectual, political, social, economic
1.6. After reading, I have decided I am more of a traditionalist when it comes to education
2. Philosophy of Education
2.1. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that concerns itself with questions about the nature of reality
2.2. Idealism was the first systematic philosophy in Western thought, created by Greek philosopher Plato. It encourage people to engage through dialogue to question individuals point of views.
2.2.1. Education is transformation: ideas can change lives
2.2.2. Role of teachers: helps students move to new levels of awareness by analyzing and discussing ideas
2.2.3. Do research, find the truth, and share it
2.2.4. Curriculum: study the classics, back-to-basics approach
2.3. Realism was created by Aristotle. He believed in learning by study the material of the world.
2.3.1. Method of instruction: lecture, question, answer
2.3.2. Curriculum: science, math, reading, writing, and humanities
2.4. Existentialism is a modern philosophy that says that a person is born alone and they have to make sense of the chaos that they encounter
2.4.1. Instruction: each child has different learning styles
2.4.2. Curriculum: heavily humanity based
2.5. Neo-Marxism is based on the theories of Karl Marx. It is considered more of a philosophy of society than education.
2.5.1. Goal of education: produce the society norm
2.6. Critical pedagogy thinks of the classroom as a politic site with teachers being agents of change.
3. Schools of Organizations
3.1. Private schools charge tuition, attract families that are committed to education, and are very diverse
3.2. Openness- public schools give many opportunities for advancement. The goal is for students to succeed with few forced exits
3.3. Willard Waller, a sociologists of education, described the culture in schools as unity of interacting personalities
3.3.1. Included
3.3.2. Included
3.3.3. Excluded
3.4. Less then 10% of high school seniors say they want to become a teacher
3.5. Teachers must have a college degree, full certification, and content knowledge to teach under the No Child Left Behind Act
3.6. Because most schools are bureaucracy, teachers can negotiate on wages and working conditions
4. History of US Education
4.1. GI Bill of Rights offered 16 million servicemen and women the opportunity to receive a higher education
4.1.1. Project specifications
4.1.2. End User requirements
4.1.3. Action points sign-off
4.2. Women and African-Americans receiving the right to an education was one of the most influence reforms
4.3. Cardinal Principle goals of secondary education: health, command of fundamental process, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy of use of leisure, ethical character
4.4. Education has suffered because of unnecessary changes that have been made
4.5. Diane Ravith stated that changing education to fix society does not work, education suffers
4.6. Institutions founded before the American Revolution: Harvard, College of William and Mary, Yale, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth
5. Sociological Perspectives
5.1. Determinism is the individual actions are determined by external forces.
5.2. In voluntarism individuals are capable of freely shaping the world.
5.3. Karl Marx, MAxWeber, Randall, Collins, and Basil Bernstein were all sociologists that studied education and had conflict theories.
5.4. Graduating leads to greater employment opportunities.
5.5. Teachers have as many as 1000 interpersonal contacts with students each day, making them a major influence in the life of their students.
5.6. Four major types of college students: careerists, intellectuals, strivers, and unconnected
5.6.1. Careerists were not intellectually motivated by their experience, from a middle class background, and won few awards.
5.6.2. Intellectuals are from highly educated families, politically involved, and had many academic honors.
5.6.3. Strivers are from working class backgrounds and racial and ethnic minorities. They also tend to have a low grade point average.
5.6.4. Unconnected students come from all backgrounds, participated in few extracurricular activities and are least satisfied with their college experiences.
6. Curriculum and Pedagogy
6.1. Curriculum is based off of state mandated standards. There are 4 US curriculums
6.1.1. Humanist
6.1.2. Social efficiency
6.1.3. Developmentalist
6.1.4. Social meliorist
6.2. Socialist of education focus time discussing what, why, and how things are taught. It is an ongoing battle because of multicultural education, traditionalist, and other factors
6.3. It is believed that schools only teach content knowledge, which is not the case. Students must receive a well rounded education in order to have a chance at being academically successful.
6.4. Bernstein and Sadovnik stated that not all students are taught the same. It varies based on class, race, ethnicity, and gender.
6.5. Bowles and Gints believe their is a hidden curriculum that teaches character traits, behaviors, and attitudes needed for capitalist economy.
6.6. Willard Goslin was a progressive educator that became a superintendent, political views of others forced him to retired after only two years.
7. Equality of Opportunity
7.1. Unfortunately education quality maybe effected by what class, race, or gander you fall under.
7.1.1. Dependencies
7.1.2. Milestones
7.2. Education of All Handicapped Children Law was passed in 1975. It helped make sure children with special needs were placed in appropriate classes.
7.2.1. Schedule
7.2.2. Budget
7.3. Schools have become increasingly more segregated in the past two decades.
7.3.1. KPI's
7.4. Teacher pay is directly effected by their education level.
7.5. There is a reading gap between students who have educated parents and students who do not.
7.6. Select 16 boarding school make admissions into college easy for their students by providing high quality education, writing a fell summary reports, and reviewing students several times a year.
8. Education Inequality
8.1. Data suggest that differences in educational achievement and attainment based on social class, race, and gender.
8.2. Two major sociological theories of education
8.2.1. Fundamentalists
8.2.2. Conflict theorists
8.3. Conventional wisdom of time felt like lower income students went to lower income school where less money was spent on each student
8.4. Genetic differences are most controversial
8.5. Savage Inequalities by Jonathon Kozol- a book comparing schools in affluent suburbs and the inner city
8.6. Bernstein explained the difference in schools using the educators that teach in those schools
9. Education Reform
9.1. Samuel Freeman's Small Victories- a book about Jessica Siegel's experiences with teaching in New York City's lower east side
9.2. Sand and Deliver- story about Jaime Escalante who struggles to teach his class advanced math in East Los Angeles
9.3. Educational reform between 1980 and 2012 consisted of different acts
9.3.1. Clinton's Goals 2000
9.3.2. No Child Left Behind
9.3.3. Race to the Top
9.4. Government has always tried to intervene in education, while not always being successful
9.5. Urban school reform
9.5.1. neo-liberal approach
9.5.2. Broader Bolder Approach