1. 2. Schools have stifled critical understanding of the problems of American society through a curriculum and teaching practice that promote conformity
2. Schools as Organizations
3. Curriculum and Pedagogy
4. Equality of Opportunity
5. Educational Inequality
6. Educational Reform
7. Politics of education
7.1. Four purposes of education
7.1.1. 1. Conservative
7.1.1.1. Developed by the socialist William Graham Sumner
7.1.1.2. Social evolution as a process that enables the strongest individuals and/or groups to survive, and looks at human and social evolution as adaption to changes in the environment.
7.1.2. 2. Liberal
7.1.2.1. 1880-1930's
7.1.2.2. Became politically dominant during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was also referred to as The New Deal Era.
7.1.2.3. Free market if left unregulated is prone to significant abuses particularly to those groups who are disadvantaged economically anf politically.
7.1.3. 3. Radical
7.1.4. 4. Neo-Liberal
7.1.4.1. Latest solution in policy discussions of urban school reform and efforts to reduce achievement gap.
7.1.4.2. Often a synthesis of conservative and liberal perspective.
7.1.4.3. Does not believe free market capitalism is the best form of economic organization, but rather believes that democratic socialism is a fairer political-economic system.
7.2. Perspectives
7.2.1. 1. Role of school
7.2.1.1. Intellectual Purposes
7.2.1.1.1. Teach basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing, and math.
7.2.1.1.2. To transmit specific knowledge and to help students acquire higher order thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, and synthesis.
7.2.1.2. Political Purposes
7.2.1.2.1. To inculcate allegiance to the existing political order (patriotism).
7.2.1.2.2. To prepare citizens who will participate in political order
7.2.1.2.3. To help assimilate diverse cultural groups into a common political order
7.2.1.2.4. To teach children the basic laws of society
7.2.1.3. Economic Puposes
7.2.1.3.1. To prepare students for their later occupational roles and to select, train, and allocate individuals into the dividion of labor
7.2.2. 2.Unequal performance explanation
7.2.2.1. Conservatives argue that if an individual doesn't succeed it is because they are deficient in some manner or because they are members of a group that are deficient
7.2.2.2. Liberals argue individual students or groups begin school with different life chances and therefore some groups have significantly more advantages than others.
7.2.2.3. Radicals believe students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds begin school with unequal opportunities. They believe the conditions that result in educational failure are caused by the economic system, not the educational system.
7.2.3. 3.Definitions of educational problems
7.2.3.1. Conservative
7.2.3.1.1. 1. Schools systematically lowered academic standards and reduced educational quality. "Decline of Standards"
7.2.3.1.2. 2. Schools watered down the traditional curriculum and weakened the school's ability to pass on the heritage of American and Western civilization to children. "Decline of Cultural Literacy"
7.2.3.1.3. 3.Schools lost their traditional role of teaching moral standards and values. "Decline of Values or of Civilization"
7.2.3.1.4. 4. Schools lost their traditional disciplinary function and often became chaotic. "Decline of Authority"
7.2.3.1.5. 5. Schools are stifles by bureaucracy and inefficiency
7.2.3.2. Liberals
7.2.3.2.1. 1. Limited life chances of poor and minority children- underachievement is critical issue
7.2.3.2.2. 2. Too much emphasis on discipline and authority-limit role in helping students develop as individuals
7.2.3.2.3. 3. Differences in quality and climate between urban and suburban schools and schools with socioeconomic backgrounds is a central problem
7.2.3.2.4. 4. Traditional curriculum leaves out the diverse cultures of the groups that comprise society
7.2.3.3. Radicals
7.2.3.3.1. 1. Educational system has failed the poor, minorities, and women through classist, racist, sexist, and homophobic policies
7.2.3.3.2. 3. Traditional curriculum is classist, racist, sexist, homophobic and leaves out the cultures, histories, and voices of the oppressed
7.2.3.3.3. Educational system promotes inequality of both opportunity and results.
8. History of U.S. Education
8.1. Reform movement influence on education
8.1.1. Education for women and African-Americans
8.1.1.1. Middle of 19th century girls attended elementary schools.
8.1.1.2. By 1820 education for women was making important inroads.
8.1.1.3. 1821- Troy Female Seminary opened
8.1.1.4. 1846- Benjamin Roberts filed legal suit "Roberts vs City of Boston"- ruled separate educational facilities for whites and blacks
8.1.1.5. 1865- 13th Amendment passed= freed 4 million slaves
8.1.1.6. 1868-14th Amendment ratified=full citizenship to ex-slaves
8.1.1.7. 1868- Black colleges established
8.1.2. Bernard Bailyn attributed the use of the school to the failure of particular institutions such as the family, church and community to provide the necessary tools demanded by the conditions of the new emerging society
8.2. Historical interpretation on U.S. Education
8.2.1. Merle Curti attributed the use of formal schooling to the interest of the colonists in protecting freedoms such as thought, religion and press
9. Sociological Perspectives
9.1. Theoretical perspective concerning the relationship between school and society: functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionalism.
9.1.1. Fundamental and complex
9.1.2. Like an X-ray machine, see past the the visible and obvious and examine hidden structure
9.1.3. Seldom crystal clear because people are members of society and it is very difficult to be objective or disinterested in analysis of people
9.1.4. Theory best conceptual guide to understanding the relations between school and scoiety
9.2. 5 effects of schooling on individuals that you think have the greatest impact on students
9.2.1. 1. Education and Mobilty
9.2.1.1. The belief that occupational and social mobility begin at schoolhouse door is a critical component of the American ethos
9.2.2. 2. Teacher behavior
9.2.2.1. Teachers have a huge impact on students learning and behavior. Teachers are models for students and instructional leaders, set standards and influence self-esteem and sense of efficacy.
9.2.3. 3. Gender
9.2.3.1. Inequalities persist for working-class and lower-class women.
9.2.3.2. Girls start school cognitively and socially ahead of boys-by end of high school, girls have lower self-esteem and aspirations than boys. Girls dont live up to the potential
9.2.4. 4. Knowledge and attitude
9.2.4.1. difference in school academic programs and policies make a difference in student learning.
9.2.4.2. Ron Edmonds- pioneer of effective school movement
9.2.4.3. Amount of time students spend at school relate to how much they learn.
9.2.5. 5. Student peer groups and alientation
9.2.5.1. Adult culture of the teachers and administration is in conflict with the student culture which can lead to alienation and violence.
10. Philosophy of Education
10.1. Describe the particular world view of one of student -centered philosophy of education (pragmatism or existentialism). Include the following information :generic notions, key researchers, goal of education, role of teacher, method of instruction, and curriculum
10.1.1. Pragmatism
10.1.1.1. developed in later part of 19th century
10.1.1.2. Founders: George Sanders Pierce, William James, John Dewey, Frances Bacon, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
10.1.1.3. problem-speculative thought-action-results
10.1.1.4. Deweys Generic Notions
10.1.1.4.1. Instrumentalism and experimentalism
10.1.1.4.2. "Embryonic Community"
10.1.1.4.3. progressive
10.1.1.5. Deweys goal of education
10.1.1.5.1. philosophy had a responsibility to society and that ideas required lab testing
10.1.1.5.2. stressed importance school is place where ideas can be implemented, challenged, and restructured with goal of providing students with knowledge of hot to improve social order
10.1.1.5.3. "conjoint communicated experience"
10.1.1.6. Role of Teacher
10.1.1.6.1. Teacher no longer authoritarian figure but peripheral position of facilitator. Teacher encourages, offers suggestions, questions, and helps plan and impelment course of study
10.1.1.7. Method of Instruction
10.1.1.7.1. learn individually and in groups
10.1.1.7.2. children should pose questions "problem-solving"
10.1.1.8. Curriculum
10.1.1.8.1. core or intergrated