1. Socrates & Plato
1.1. Mind- separable from body & continues after death
1.2. Knowledge is innate
1.3. Brain is the seat of mental processes
2. Aristotle
2.1. Knowledge is not preexisting- grows from experiences stored in our memories
2.2. Heart is the seat of mental processes
3. Rene Descartes
3.1. Inferred on how mind and body communicate
3.2. Dissected animals and concluded fluid in brain cavities contained "animal spirits"
3.3. Animal spirits flowed through nerves into muscles to incite movement
3.4. Memories formed as experiences opened pores into brain
4. Francis Bacon
4.1. A founder of modern science
4.1.1. Experiment, experience, and common-sense judgment
4.2. Fascinated by the mind and its failings
4.3. The mind wants to perceive patterns even in random events
5. John Locke
5.1. The mind at birth is a "tabula rasa", a blank slate, on which experience writes
5.1.1. This idea, along with Bacon's ideas helped form modern empiricism
6. Empiricism
6.1. Knowledge originates in experience
6.2. Science should rely on observation and experimentation
7. Wilhelm Wundt
7.1. Father of modern Psychology
7.1.1. December, 1879: Leipzig University
7.1.2. First Psychology experiment
7.1.2.1. Created a machine that measured sensory reactions-- When an object is heard and when the subject is aware that they heard the object
7.1.2.2. Wanted to measure the atoms of the mind
7.1.2.3. Unreliable data b/c it only worked with intelligent, articulate adults. And women weren't likely used in the study
8. Edward Bradford Titchener
8.1. Wundt's graduate student. Joined Cornell faulty and introduced Structuralism
8.2. Method: engage people in introspection. Proved unreliable because results varied person to person
9. Structuralism
9.1. Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
9.2. It eventually faded away as did introspection
10. William James
10.1. Considered the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings
10.1.1. Thinking developed b/c it was adaptive & ensured our ancestor's survival
10.1.2. Consciousness = a function
10.1.2.1. helped us consider our past, adjust to the present, and plan for the future: Functionalism
10.2. Heavily influenced by Darwin
11. Functionalism
11.1. A school of Psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
12. Mary Calkins
12.1. First woman graduate student at Harvard
12.1.1. Finished all requirements to earn a Psychology doctorate, even outscored all men on the qualifying tests
12.1.2. Was denied her degree and instead offered one from Radcliffe, the all-girls sister school of Harvard. Calkins denied the degree