The Tree of Life
by Jessica Mohabir
1. Fungi
2. Eukaryotes
3. Plants
3.1. Multicellular
3.2. Obtain food by photosyntheis
3.3. Requires availability to light
3.4. Breathe carbon dioxide
4. Phylum Porifera
5. Bryophytes
5.1. Haploid gametophyte
5.2. Does not have a vascular system
5.3. Sperm transported via water droplets
5.4. Dispersal Unit: Spre (n)
6. Pteridophytes
6.1. Have both male and female reporoductive organs
6.2. Sperm swim via water droplets
6.3. Spores germinate to form gametophyte
7. Gymnosperms
7.1. Cells undergo meiosis to form haploid sperm or egg cells
7.2. Reproduce via wind
7.3. Seeds (2n)
8. Angiosperms
8.1. Seeds protected by fruit
8.2. Reproduce via pollination
8.3. Majority of life spent spent as sporophyte
9. Moss
10. Coniferous (softwood)
11. Fruit
12. Fern
13. Zygomycota
13.1. Develop sexually and asexually
13.2. Fusion of hyphae leads directly to formation of a zygote, in which meiosis occurs just before it germinates
13.3. Hyphae lack septa, except for reproductive structures
14. Basidiomycota
14.1. Develop by sexual means
14.2. Basidiospores are borne on club-shaped structures called basidia
14.3. The terminal hyphal cell that produces spores is called a basidium
14.4. Asexual reproduction occurs occasionally
15. Ascomycota
15.1. Develop by sexual means;
15.2. Asexual reproduction is also common
15.3. Ascospores are formed inside a sac called an ascus
16. Mushrooms
17. Breads moulds
18. Yeasts
19. Imperfect Fungi
19.1. Sexual reproduction has not been observed
19.2. Most are thought to be ascomycetes that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually
20. Penicillium
21. Phylum Cnidaria
22. Phylum Echinodermata
23. Phylum Annelida
24. Phylum Arthopoda
25. Phylum Chordata
26. Phylum Nematoda
27. Phylum Mollusca
28. Starfish
28.1. Spiny skeleton
28.2. Internal skeleton
28.3. Water vascular system
28.4. Radial symmetry
28.5. Cleuterostome
29. Earthwroms
29.1. Body divided into segments that are separated by
29.2. Septa (internal walls)
29.3. Spetae =>bristles attached to each segment
29.4. True Coelom (true cavity)
30. Coral
30.1. Soft bodied
30.2. Stinging tentacles
30.3. Radial symmetry
30.4. Specialized tissues
30.5. 2 germ layers
31. Shellfish
31.1. Soft bodied
31.2. Internal or External shell
31.3. Free-swimming larva Trochopore
31.4. Four parts
31.5. Foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass
32. Insects
32.1. Joined appendages
32.2. Greater mobility and locomation
32.3. Tough exoskeleton => chitin
32.4. Segmented: 3 head, thorax, abdomen
33. Sponge
33.1. Contain a few specialized cells
33.2. Asymmetrical
33.3. Adults are SEssile
33.4. Tiny pores all over body (ostia)
33.5. Central opening osculum
34. Reptiles
34.1. Notochord
34.2. Clorsal, hollow, nerve cord
34.3. Post anal tail
35. Roundworms
35.1. Slender, unsegmented, tapering ends
35.2. Free living and Parasitic
35.3. 3 Germ layers
36. Flatworms
36.1. Unsegmented
36.2. Flattened body
36.3. Acoelomate
36.4. No coelom between tissues
36.5. Bilateral symmetry
36.6. Gastrovascular cavity with pharynx
37. Eubacteria
37.1. Prokaryotic
37.2. Unicellular
37.3. Cell walls made of Peptidoglycan
37.4. Reproduce asexually via binary fission
37.5. Reproduce sexually via conjugation
37.6. Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
38. Archaebacteria
38.1. Have cell walls, contain fatty acids, have complex RNA polymerase and have systems of metabolism.
38.2. Prokaryotic
38.3. Cause diseases
38.4. Eproduce asexually by binary fission or recombination through conjugation or fragmentation
39. Protists
39.1. Animal-like protists
39.2. Feed by ingesting food classified by how they move
39.3. Heterotrophic
40. Animals
41. Prokaryotes
42. Protozoa
43. Algae
43.1. Plant-like protists
43.2. Autotrophe
43.3. Cellulose
44. Fungi-like
44.1. Heterotrophic
44.2. Cell walls made of celluose
45. Water moulds
45.1. Feed by secreting enzymes
45.2. Irish potato famune
46. Slime mould
46.1. Single cells join to form a moving blob
47. Green Algae
47.1. Pond scrum
47.2. In fur of the tree sloths
48. Brown Algae
48.1. Underwater forests of kelp
49. Datons
49.1. Silica in cell walls
49.2. Used for toothpaste
50. Dinoflagellates
50.1. Redtide releases poison that kill fish
51. Sarcedines
51.1. Amoeba
51.2. Some parasitic ones cause dysentry
51.3. Amoeboid movment
52. Flagellates
52.1. Whip-like tail
53. Sprozoans
53.1. Parasite causes malaria
53.2. Produce spores
54. Cilliates
54.1. Cillia
54.2. Tiny wave like hairs
55. Coccus
56. Bacillus
57. Sprial
58. Streptococcus pneumoniae
59. Bacillus odysseyi
60. Borrelia anserina
61. Representative Species: Borrelia burgdorferi
62. Methanogens
63. Halophile
64. Extreme Thermophiles
65. Psychrophiles
66. Phylum Platyhelminthes
67. Anthropods
68. Chrordates
69. Vertebrates
70. Mammals
71. Class Crustacea
71.1. Crabs
72. Class Pauropoda
72.1. Pauropods
73. Class Diplopoda
73.1. Millipedes
74. Class Chilopoda
74.1. Centipedes
75. Class Symphyla
75.1. Garden centipedes
76. Class Hexapoda
76.1. Insects
77. Subphylum Urochordata
78. Subphylum Cephalochordata
79. Subphylum Vertebrata
80. Class Agnatha
80.1. The endoskeleton of vertebrates is an important prerequisite for life on land.
80.2. Representative Species: Jawless fish
81. Class Chondrichthyes
81.1. The endoskeleton provides the support in the air and provides the places for muscle attachment necessary to movement. However, appendages are needed to move about.
81.2. Sharks
82. Class Osteichthyes
82.1. Certain bony fishes have lobe-fins, which can serve as primitive legs.
82.2. Representative Species: Tuna
83. Class Amphibia
83.1. The amphibians evolved from a fish with modified fins
83.2. Representative Species: Frogs
84. Class Reptilia
84.1. Reproduction involves internal fertilization, which protects the egg and sperm from drying. To be truly free of water it is necessary to have a specialized aquatic environment in which the embryo develops.
84.2. Lizards
85. Class Aves
85.1. Like the structures of their reptile ancestors, the skin, lungs, and kidneys of birds reduce water loss, and reproduction involves internal fertilization and the shelled amniotic egg.
85.2. Representative Species: Birds
86. Class Mammalia
86.1. At the time of the vast extinction of reptiles, mammals began to diversify and became the dominant forms of vertebrates on land.
86.2. Representative Species: Humans
87. Monotremes
87.1. Lay eggs
87.2. Incubate them like birds
87.3. Have mammary glands and make milk
87.4. Long periods of maternal care
87.5. 1 offspring/year
88. Marsupials
88.1. Highly altricial young
88.2. Short gestation (8-43 days)
88.3. Young born extremely small relative to adult size
88.4. Why is it superior to Monotremes: A marsupial is a mammal that has a pouch in which to carry their young. Marsupials generally give birth earlier that placental mammals. They have very strong limbs because they have to climb to the mothers nipples to feed.
89. Placental
89.1. Placenta develops during pregnancy.
89.2. The placenta sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus.
89.3. Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
89.4. Why is it surperior to Marsupials: A placental mammal is a mammal that is nourished in the mother's uterus and born developed. This is a very diverse group and consists of whales, cats, dogs, and humans, etc.
90. Orders of Mammals
91. Rodentia
91.1. Gnawing mammals, incisors continue to grow throughout their lives
91.2. Representative Species: Squirrels
92. Carnivora
92.1. Large canines, generally meat-eaters, the panda bear is an exception.
92.2. Representative Species: Bears
93. Primate
93.1. opposable thumbs, large brains, have social groups, use tools
93.2. Representative Species: Chimpanzee
