1. defined as a retaliatory measure which is imposed by a country without invoking WTO dispute settlement procedures or other multilateral international rules and procedures, and basing its decision solely upon its own criteria.
2. multi-national legal or trade agreement between countries. In economic jargon, it is an agreement between more than two countries, but not a great many, which would be multilateral agreement.
3. Political
3.1. Corruption
3.1.1. misuse of power
3.1.1.1. The act of an official misconduct is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties.
3.1.1.1.1. In Malawi, corruption has been characterized by the embezzlement of public funds, for example, as evidenced by the World Food Program (WFP), it is predicted that 2.8 million Malawians will face hunger in the coming months. The WFP also noted that embezzlement of funds for relief is still a problem in Malawi.
3.1.2. bribery
3.1.2.1. a specific offence which concerns the practice of offering something, usually money, to gain an illicit advantage and corruption is an abuse of a position of trust in order to gain an undue advantage.
3.1.3. grand corruption
3.1.3.1. Grand corruption is the distortion of policies and interference with the central functioning of the state at high levels of government
3.1.4. political corruption
3.1.4.1. involves political decision makers who manipulate policies and rules of procedure in the allocation of resources to sustain power, wealth and status.
3.2. Poverty
3.2.1. Health
3.2.1.1. Life expectancy and child mortality are greatly affected by poverty. Statistics show that life expectancy in poor nations is up to 30 years below that of wealthy nations, like the United States.
3.2.2. Education
3.2.2.1. The literacy rates in countries with high poverty levels indicate that these two are linked. Low literacy rates can affect society in various ways including the labor force and politics
3.2.3. society
3.2.3.1. poverty is a major cause of social tensions and threatens to divide a nation because of the issue of inequalities, in particular income inequality. This happens when wealth in a country is poorly distributed among its citizens. In other words, when a tiny minority has all the money.
3.3. Trade Laws
3.3.1. unilateral measures
3.3.1.1. It is clear that poverty has far-reaching effects on all people. By improving global poverty, economies could prosper, health could improve and countries can develop into strong global presences
3.3.2. plurilateral agreement
3.3.2.1. any agreement among three or more parties. The term usually refers to agreements between multiple nations or international organizations,
3.3.3. multilateral
3.3.3.1. a trading system that facilitates the exchange of financial instruments between multiple parties. Multilateral trading facilities allows eligible contract participants to gather and transfer a variety of securities, especially instruments that may not have an official market.
3.3.4. Fair trade
3.3.4.1. a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers – especially in the South.
4. Economic
4.1. Trading
4.1.1. global market
4.1.1.1. The activity of buying or selling goods and services in all the countries of the world, or the value of the goods and services sold
4.2. Production
4.2.1. an activity carried out under the control and responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services.
4.3. Income
5. Social
5.1. Discrimination
5.1.1. Certain people groups that are discriminate against, the countries overall productivity can suffer.
5.2. Education
5.2.1. Education is particularly important, as many countries cannot afford to send all children to school even at a basic level. UNICEF claim that in 2006 93 million children of primary school age were not in school.
5.3. Healthcare/Public Health
5.3.1. Around 700,000 children die every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation. That's almost 2,000 children a day. 768 million people in the world don't have access to safe water. This is roughly one in ten of the world's population. 2.5 billion people don't have access to adequate sanitation, almost two-fifths of the world's population.