Factors that influence a child's reading and writing
by Ruth Marchese
1. Neurological • visual or hearing impairment • medical diagnosis which contributes to reading problems
2. Linguistic • a language impairment diagnosis • limited ability to speak English • limited ability to understand the English dialect spoken in school
3. Cognitive • trouble processing information limits their ability to make connections • trouble processing abstract ideas leading to phonological awareness, confrontational naming, sentence/story recall, and general language ability (National Research Council, 1998)
4. Socio-cultural • schools attended have low achievement rates • schools attended are in low-income areas and poor neighborhoods • parents of the students have difficulty reading in the present or past • lack of exposure to literacy skills in preschool years through lack of home or school preparation
