1. Curriculum and Pedagogy
1.1. Social Efficiency Curriculum
1.1.1. All Students learn differently, students have different needs and aspirartions, school is a social reform, helps students adjust to society
1.1.2. Ability groups or curriculum tracks
1.1.3. Derived from john deweys progressivism
1.2. Mimetic Tradition
1.2.1. `Transmit Specific knowledge to students, didactic method, lecture or presentation best method, measurable goals and objectives
2. Educational Ineuality
2.1. Cultural deprivation theory
2.1.1. working class and non white families lack resources (books, educational stimuli, etc.) and thus has a significant educational disadvantage.
2.2. Cultural Difference Thoery
2.2.1. working class and non white families are educationally disadvantaged because of being the oppressed minority- not because of a lack of resources at home.
2.3. sCHool financing
2.3.1. schools funding is based of taxes, higher class areas receive more taxes than lower class leading to more funding for higher class schools.
2.4. School Research
2.4.1. How does the school affect student learning
2.5. Curriculum and Pedagogic Practices
2.5.1. type of schooling responds to social class, different schools offer different types of learning styles, example is private schools provide a more college preparatory curriculum than middle class community schools.
2.6. Curriculum and Ability Grouping
2.6.1. tracking leads to students being separated by test scores, teacher recommendations, and sometimes characteristics.
3. Schools as Organizations
3.1. Stakeholders
3.1.1. State Superintendent, Micheal Senentce, LocaL state Superintentdent, Matthew Allwn Massey. State Senators, Arthur Orr and Bill Holtzelaw
3.2. Elements of change
3.2.1. involvementConflict is a necessary part of change, efforts to democratize schools do not cause change but allow previously hidden problems, issues, and dissagreements to surface. Staff invovlment must be prepared to elicit, manage and resolve conflicts.
4. Politics of Education
4.1. Political Purpose
4.1.1. To prepare citizens who participate in political order and to help assimilate diverse cultural groups into a common political order
4.2. Social Purpose
4.2.1. To work as one of the many institutions to socialize children into the various roles, behaviours and values of scoiety
4.3. Intellectual Purpose
4.3.1. To teach basic cognitive skills such as reading writing and math to transmit specific knowledge and help students
4.4. Economic Purpose
4.4.1. To help to prepare students for their later occupations and to select,train,and allocate into the division of labor
4.5. Conservative Perspetive
4.5.1. Providing necessary educational training to ensure that the most talented individuals receive tools to maximize economic and social porductivity
4.5.2. They believe that schools should socialize children into adult roles for social order
5. Equality of Opportunity
5.1. Race
5.1.1. Race still determines how much education is received, drop out rate is higher for African American and Hispanic students, minorities have lower SAT scores than white students
5.1.2. problems reading,searching for information, science and social studies
5.2. Gender
5.2.1. Females are less likely to drop out of school than males and have higher levels of reading and writing proficiency, males have higher in math,
5.2.2. Males tend to do better on SAT, most femals enroll in post secondary education
5.3. Class
5.3.1. Lower class has lower expectations, lower class underachieve more likely to drop out,
5.3.2. Elite colleges cater to upper middleclass or higher, school represents values of middle class and higher, higher class can afford more education
5.4. Coleman Study 1982
5.4.1. private schools seem to have certain organizational characteristics that arerelated to student outcomes but is that significant? judged against reasonable benchmarks, there is little basis for the this conclusion
5.4.2. confirmation: school is related to socioeconomic and race backgroundcomposition of students effects student acheivement,
6. History of U.S. Education
6.1. No Child Left Behind
6.1.1. influentialA Very influencial reform, both positively and negatively was President George W Bush's No Child Left Behind
6.1.2. While the goal of the reform was to promote equality and excellence it is unclear on exactly how effective this reform has been in this area.
6.1.3. For the past 16 years this reform has been a matter of heavy debate and contention in many circles which is a good indication on exactly how influencial it really is
6.2. Democratic-Liberals
6.2.1. They believe that education history involves the progressive evolution of a school system committed to providing equality of opportunity for all.
6.2.2. They see the history of education in a more optimistic light instead of focusing on the flaws
6.2.3. Each period of Educational expansion involved the attempt of Liberal reformers to increase educational opportunitys to larger segments of the population
7. Sociological Perspectives
7.1. Functionalism
7.1.1. Schools place students based on the students individual ablitlies and focus on socializing students
7.1.2. Emily Durkham(1858-1917)
7.1.3. Consensus is the societal norm
7.2. Interactionalism
7.2.1. Critiques funcutional and conflict tgeory
7.2.2. Basil Bernstein
7.2.3. emphasizes a general level of structure and process
7.3. Conflict Theory
7.3.1. School is a constant struggle between students, teachers and administrators
7.4. 5 effects of schooling
8. Philosophy of Education
8.1. Pragmatism
8.1.1. Founder, John Dewey, George sanders Pierce, and wiliam james
8.1.2. Goal of education,To focus on cooperation rather than compettion and to encourage problem solving and decision making skills.
8.1.3. Role of the teacher, The teacher is a facilitator who plans the course of study and questions and encourages students.
8.1.4. Curriculum, the curriculum is student centered and focuses on needs of the students, it can change with the needs of the sutdents and socciety
8.1.5. Methods of instruction , Is focused on group oriented activites usually with learning center where the students have to work with others and develop social skills
9. Educational Reform
9.1. School of Choice
9.1.1. vouchers allow students to attend school of guardians choice. Voucher can be used for magnet, public, or private schooling
9.1.2. created because magnet schools and private schools perform better than public schooling
9.2. School work programs
9.2.1. allow vocational studies for students not planning on attending college
9.2.2. Earn valid credentials
9.2.3. Explore Careers and learn required skills
9.3. School Finance reforms
9.3.1. More funding to poorer school districts
9.3.2. supplemental resource packages that included preschool programs given to renovate urban schools
9.4. Full sevice and community schools
9.4.1. Schools serve as community center
9.4.2. Meet students and families educational, physical, psychological and social needs
9.4.3. Adult education, health clinics, recreations, and after school programs.