1. Sociological Persepectives
1.1. Schools shape children;s perceptions of the world by processes of socialization. That is, the values, beliefs, and norms of society.
1.2. 1. Functionalism: the doctrine that emphasizes the addictiveness of the mental or behavioral processes 2.Conflict theory: a theory founded by Karl Marx that claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. 3.Internationalism: the theory that there are two entities, mind and body , each of which can have an effect on the other.
1.3. Five effects of schooling on individuals
1.4. Five effects of schooling on individuals that I think have the greatest impact on students are knowledge, attitude, employment, education, and mobility . The impact of knowledge and attitudes of a student is very important because the education that students learn will help their well-being and their self-esteem. understanding a students social background will also help change the students attitude on education. employment is an important effect of schooling because if the student goes to college they will have greater employment opportunities. education is every important for a person to have, education will help a student succeed throughout life. mobility is a important effect of schooling because the more education leads to more economic and social mobility.
2. Philosophy of Education
2.1. Pragmatism is an American philosophy that was founded by George Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Dewey's generic notions about education is referred to as being progressive. It proposed that educators state with the needs and interest of the child in the classroom, allow the child to participate in planning his or her own course of study, employ project method for group learning. Dewey's progressive methodology rested on the notion that children were active organic beings, growing and changing. Dewey's philosophy of education made an attempt to balance the social role of the school with its effects on that the schools should balance the needs of society and community on one hand and the needs of the individual on the other. His vision is his view that the role of the school was to integrate children into not just any type of society but a democratic one. The role of the teacher is no longer the authoritarian figure. the teacher assumes the peripheral position of facilitator. the teacher encourages, offers suggestions, questions, and helps plan and implement course of study. Formal instruction was abandoned. children start their inquiry by posing questions about what they want to know. The curriculum of progressive schools generally followed Dewey's notion of a core curriculum.
3. Schools as Organizations
3.1. 1. Major stakeholders in my district:State senators: Richard Shelby House of Representatives: Robert Aderholt State superintendent: Micshael Sentence Representative on state school board: Johnny Macmorrow Local school superintendent and local school board: Heath Grimes, Russellville City School Board School Board: Judy Pounders, Brett Gist, Greg Batchelor Greg Trapp Jerry Groce
3.1.1. 2.The four elements of change that applied to schools and school cultures are conflict, new behaviors must be learned , team building, process and content are interrelated. Conflict allows previously hidden problems, issues, and disagreements to surface so they can be fixed. New behaviors will help build communication. Team building must go through the whole school. The relationships within the school and it staff with help build up a school. Process and content are interrelated is the process a team uses in going about its work. I believe that all four of these elements are very important for a school to succeed .
4. Equality of Opportunity
4.1. Race impacts education outcomes is undeniable. The book states that race is extremely difficult to separate from class. Minorities do not receive the same educational opportunities as whites, and their rewards for educational attainment are significantly less. Gender is a touchy topic whenever it is brought up but today females are less likely to drop out of school than males, and are more likely to have a higher level of reading proficiency than males. This might be true on a test, but everyone has the ability to learn it all depends on the attitude of the student.
4.1.1. Private schools seem to have certain organizational characteristics that are related to student outcomes. Catholic school seem to advantage low income minority students.
5. Educational Reform
5.1. School-business partnerships this reform come about because business leader became concerned that the schools were not producing the kinds of graduates necessary for a reform of the U.S. economy. They have been attracted considerable media attention , but the evidence that they have to improve schools they will address the fundamental problems facing U.S. education problems. School to Work Programs was extend what had been a emphasis to non college bound students regarding skills necessary for successful employment and to stress the importance of work based learning.
5.2. Community Reforms would deal with leadership for change, parent community ties, professional capacity , student centered leaning climate, and instructional guidance. Societal Reforms will deal with meaningful learning goals, intelligent, reciprocal accountability systems, equitable and adequate resources, strong professional standards and supports, and school organized for student and teacher learning.
6. Politics of Education
6.1. 4 purposes of education
6.2. (1) Intellectual purposes-To teach the basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing & mathematics.
6.3. (2) Political purposes-To inculcate the allegiance to the political order, to prepare citizens, to help diverse groups into common political order & to teach children the basic laws of society.
6.4. (3) Social purposes-To teach children to solve social problems, work as one of many to ensure social cohesion & socialize children into the various roles, behaviors & values of society.
6.5. (4) Economic purposes-To prepare students for the real world of work. It will prepare them to select, train & allocate individuals into the division of labor.
6.6. The role of the school is providing the necessary educational training to ensure that the most talented and hard working individuals receive the tools necessary to maximize economic and social productivity.
6.7. Explanation of unequal educational performance- Conservatives argue that individuals or groups of students rise and fall on their own intelligence, hard work, and initiative, and that achievement is based on hard work and sacrifice.
6.8. Definition of educational problems- Conservatives refer to the problems as : decline of standards, decline of cultural literacy, decline of values or of civilization & decline of authority.
7. History of U.S. Education
7.1. Reform Movement
7.2. A major reform movement of education was led by Horace Mann, The movement was to make education available to more children. Horace wanted education to be free.
7.2.1. I believe that the social norms are an interpretation of U.S. education because they are all important on how a student learns and how a classroom runs.
8. Curriculum and Pedagogy
8.1. I would support the develop-mentalist curriculum because it is related to the needs and interests of the student rather than the needs of society. I believe that the relationship between the child and the curriculum is very important. I like this curriculum because the teaching approach is student centered and that how it should be.
8.1.1. I agree with the points of the functionalist theory they believe that schools teach the general values and norms essential to modern society. I believe that schools should teach students the values and essentials to modern society,.
9. Educational Inequality
9.1. There are two types of cultural deprivation theory. The first theory is that there are cultural and family differences between working class and nonwhite students, and white middle-class students. I believe that that is true I believe that there are cultural and family differences between them all. The second type is a theory that sees working class and nonwhite students as resisting the dominant culture of the school. I don’t agree with this theory because I believe all students should be seen the same.
9.1.1. . School Financing is property taxes based on the value of property in local communities and therefore is a proportional tax, Effective School Research is the finding that within school differences are as or more significant than between school differences raised questions about the common sense argument that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds do poorly simply because they attend inferior schools. Between School Differences says that there are significant differences between the culture and climate of schools in lower socioeconomic and higher socioeconomic communities. Within school differences is the fact that different groups of students in the same school perform very differently suggests that there may be school characteristics affecting these outcomes.