Foundations of Education

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Foundations of Education by Mind Map: Foundations of Education

1. Politics of Education

1.1. Purposes

1.1.1. 1. Intellectual

1.1.1.1. To teach basic skills and to help students acquire higher order analysis, evaluation, and synthesis.

1.1.2. 2. Political

1.1.2.1. To teach allegiance to the existing political order, prepare citizens who will participate, help simulate diverse cultural groups into a common political order, and teach children the basic laws.

1.1.3. 3. Social

1.1.3.1. To help solve social problems, and to help children socialize with different roles, behaviors, and values of the society.

1.1.4. 4. Economic

1.1.4.1. To help prepare students for their occupational roles and to select , train, and allocate them into the division of labor.

1.2. Perspective

1.2.1. 1. The Role of School

1.2.1.1. I chose conservative perspective because I believe that all schools should ensure students with the same equal opportunities.

1.2.2. 2. Explanations of Unequal Education Performance

1.2.2.1. I chose the liberal perspective because I agree on the attempts through policies and programs to equalize so the students from disadvantaged backgrounds have a better chance.

1.2.3. 3. Definition of Educational Problems

1.2.3.1. I chose conservative perspective because agree that the schools has lost their traditional role of teaching moral standards and values. Also they have lost the disciplinary function so therefore there are more problems.

2. History of Education

2.1. Reform Movement

2.1.1. The Age of Reform: The Rise of the Common School Horace Mann became the state’s supervisor of education. The citizen’s voted to pay taxes to build better schools, to pay teachers higher salaries and to establish special training schools for teachers. Horace Mann also, lengthened the school year to six months and made improvements in school curriculum. Most states accepted three basic principles of public education: that school should be free and supported by taxes, that teachers should be trained and the children should be required to attend school.

2.2. Historical Interpretaion

2.2.1. Conservative Perspectives-Diane Ravitch and others pointed to the failure of the ongoing education to fulfill its high social goals without sacrificing academic quality. Ravitch believes the curriculum needs to be fair and non-racist and argues that efforts at multiculturalism are often wrong and neglected.

3. Sociological Education

3.1. Functionalism

3.1.1. Emile Durkheim invented the sociology of education and believed that education was very important in creating the moral unity necessary for social cohesion and that moral values were the foundation of society.

3.2. Interactionalism

3.2.1. Basil Bernstein argued that the system needs to be looked as a whole. This theory looks as the behavior of teachers and students are taken or granted.

3.3. Conflict

3.3.1. Karl Marx is the founder of conflict school in the sociology of education. . It holds that social order is maintained by power and, rather than agreement and conformity. He thinks by forming a new society where men and women wouldn't be alienated from their own labor.

3.4. 5 Effects

3.4.1. 1. Teacher behavior-has a huge impact on students because teachers are there to teach and make an impact. If the teachers behavior is dull this could hurt a student.

3.4.2. 2. Student Peer Groups and Alienation- can effect a student from doing good and often times students get mixed up in the wrong crowd where violence and behavior becomes an issue.

3.4.3. 3. Tracking-this is a really a big issue because a lot of students are tracked from the previous years and a lot of times their not given a chance and therefore they give up on trying.

3.4.4. 4. Inside the Schools- bigger schools offer more electives and extracurricular activities than a smaller school. This has the pros and cons I think. Going to a smaller school the ratio of students per teacher is smaller but may lack in the resources.

3.4.5. 5. Education and Inequality- often times students are put in classes such as upper, middle, or lower. All is quick to judge the class their peers are in by race, ethnicity, age and gender. All students needs the same opportunity to learn no matter what class they may be.

4. Philosophy of Education

4.1. Pragmatism-basically is if you have a problem what will work the best to get the results that what they want to achieve.

4.2. Generic Notions-John Dewy believed that students should be able to create their own course of study to allow them to be more interested in learning.

4.3. Key Researchers- George Sanders Peirce ,William James, and John Dewey

4.4. Goal of Education-Dewey believed that the schools should balance the needs of society and community on one hand and the needs of the individual on the other

4.5. Role of Teacher-the teacher isn't an authority figure, but more of a facilitator who encourages, offers suggestions, questions, and helps plan the course of study.

4.6. Method of Instruction-children be able to learn individually or in a group and should be able to inquire questions on what they want to know. Children could collaborate together in a nontraditional way.

4.7. Curriculum- Dewey believed that children learned better on a hands on approach and in order to learn adapt they must interact with the environment.

5. Schools as Organizations

5.1. Federal Alabama Senators-Richard Shelby & Luther Strange

5.1.1. House of Representative-Robert Aderholt

5.2. State Senator-Richard Shelby

5.2.1. House of Representative-

5.3. State Superintendent-Ed Richardson

5.3.1. House of Representaive

5.4. Representative on state school board-Yvette M. Richardson, Ed.D.

5.5. Local Superintendent-Cindy Wigley

5.5.1. Board Members-Dr. Vince Edmonds, Mr. Terry Kennamer, Mr. Mark Rains, Mr. Tony Simmons, Mr. Joe Van Bunch

5.6. School processe & School cultures-They have definitive populations, They have political structures. They represent a multitude of social groups. They are prevailed by the “we feeling”. They have their own special culture.Changing a school; Conflict is a necessary part of change. New behaviors must be learned. Team building must extend to all parts. Process and content are inter-related.

6. Curriculum & Pedagogy

6.1. Curriculum theory-Social meliorists – reform society through schools also known as social reconstruction

6.2. 2 dominant traditions of teaching.

6.2.1. 1. Mimetic-based on the viewpoint that the purpose of education is to transmit specific knowledge to students

6.2.2. 2. Transformative-rests on a different set of assumptions about the teaching and learning process

7. Equality of Opportunity

7.1. Class-families from upper class and the middle class are also more likely to expect their children to finish school, whereas working class and underclass families often have lower levels of expectation for their children

7.2. Race-minority students receive fewer and inferior educational opportunities than white students

7.3. Gender- women are often rated as being better students than men, in the past were less likely to attain the same level of education

7.4. Coleman Study from 1982-found that when they compared the average test scores of public school and private school sophomores, there was not one subject in which public school students scored higher than private school students.

8. Educational Inequality

8.1. John Ogbu argued that African -american children do less well in school because they adapt to their oppressed position in the class and caste structure

8.1.1. sees working class and nonwhite students as resisting the dominant culture of schools

8.2. 1. School Financing-public schools are financed through a combination of revenues from local, state and federal sources and majority of funds come from state and local taxes, with local property taxes therefore is a proportional tax

8.2.1. 2. Effective School Research- if student differences are more important than school differences, then teachers cannot be blamed for the lower academic performance of nonwhite and working-class students

8.2.1.1. 3. Curriculum & Pedagogic Practices-different theorist argue that there are significant differences between the culture and climate of schools in lower socioeconomic and higher socioeconomic communities

8.2.1.1.1. 4. Curriculum & Ability Grouping- different groups of students in the same schools perform very differently suggests that there may be school characteristics affecting outcomes

9. Educational Reform

9.1. 1. Privatization-models of education have replaced traditional school districts , with schools operated y a combination of providers, including traditional district schools, charter schools, and schools operated by for profit EMO

9.1.1. 2.School to work programs extend what had been a vocational emphasis to non-college bound students regarding skills necessary for successful employment and to stress the importance of work based learning

9.2. Integrative Realm - basic skills and knowledge is the focus for school improvement and student achievement.

9.2.1. Developmental Realm – focus is on developing the whole child by having schools become more humane institutions