Foundations of Education
Plan your projects and define important tasks and actions
1. 5 Effects of Schooling on Individuals
1.1. 1. Knowledge- contributes problem solving skills, and general understanding of more ares.
1.1.1. More Educated = More Liberal
1.1.2. Greater gains came from studying throughout the summer.
1.2. 2. Attitudes- schooling helps to shape the students into proper and behaviorally correct members of society.
1.3. 3. Employment- schooling helps to prepare the students for the workforce.
1.3.1. Graduating from college leads to more employment opportunities.
1.4. 4. Education- makes the student more valuable to the society, and more career ready.
1.5. 5. Mobility- allows the students to better themselves.
2. History of U.S. Education
2.1. The Conservative Historical Interpretation of US Education: The conservatives were very critical of schools, and they believed that the constant changes being made by the progressives were damaging the quality of education.
2.2. The Movement Between Progressivism and Traditionalism
2.2.1. While other movements focused on who could and could not attend school and what rights they had, the progressivism and traditionalism movement dealt with what curriculum the schools would have. Progressionalist thought that school should focus more on the social aspect while traditionalist wanted to focus more heavily on the academic side. This movement occurred after WWll and ultimately is what shaped the modern day school.
2.2.1.1. Supporters:
2.2.1.1.1. Progressivism Supporters:
2.2.1.1.2. Traditionalism Supporters:
2.2.1.2. Progressivist gained momentum through the equality platform. They focused on issues such as civil rights, and failures of the school system in the past.
3. Politics of Education
3.1. The Four Purposes of Education
3.1.1. 1. Political- to help the students understand the political order and laws of society.
3.1.2. 2. Social- to help students gain the ability to work with others and demonstrate good behavior.
3.1.3. 3. Economic- to prepare students for the workforce.
3.1.4. 4. Intellectual- to teach skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics.
3.2. Perspectives: Conservative"Survival of the Fittest"
3.2.1. 1.The Role of Schooling- to provide the essentual knowledge and socialization to prepare the students for their role in society.
3.2.2. 2. Explanations of Unequal Performance- "individuals or groups of students rise and fall on their own intelligence, hard work, and initiative, and that achievement is based on hard work and sacrifice. (pg. 28)
3.2.3. 3. Definition of Educational Problems- the conservatives argue the following to be educational issues: decline of standards, decline of cultural literacy, decline of values or of civilization, and decline of authority.
4. Sociology of Education
4.1. The Theoretical Perspectives Concerning the Relationship Between School and Society:
4.1.1. Functionalism
4.1.1.1. Independence of the social system
4.1.1.2. Views society as a machine where every person or part counts
4.1.1.3. Emile Durlheim
4.1.1.3.1. Moral Education (1962)
4.1.1.3.2. The Evolution of Educational Thought (1977)
4.1.1.3.3. Education and Sociology (1956)
4.1.2. Conflict Theory
4.1.2.1. Focus on conflict
4.1.2.2. Believes society is based on the a dominate and subordinate relationship in society.
4.1.2.3. Glue of the Society: Economic, political, cultural, and military power.
4.1.2.4. Supporters:
4.1.2.4.1. Karl Max
4.1.2.4.2. Max Weber
4.1.3. Interactionalism
4.1.3.1. critiques and expansions
4.1.3.2. Looks at specific areas, and relationship.
5. Philosophy of Education
5.1. Pragmatism
5.1.1. Supporters/Researchers:
5.1.1.1. George Sanders Pierce (1839-1914)
5.1.1.2. William James ( 1842-1910)
5.1.1.2.1. Varieties of Religious Experience
5.1.1.3. John Dewey (1859-1952)
5.1.1.3.1. Instrumentalism and experimentism
5.1.1.4. Frances Bacon
5.1.1.5. John Locke
5.1.1.6. Jean-Jaques Rousseau
5.1.2. About:
5.1.2.1. Comes from the Greek word pragma. (work)
5.1.2.2. Discover solutions to problems
5.1.2.3. Find process that work to achieve goals.
5.1.2.3.1. "What will work to achieve my desired end?"
5.1.3. Goal of Education:
5.1.3.1. Teach how to think.
5.1.3.2. Attain a better society
5.1.3.3. Schools are a "embryonic community".
5.1.3.4. Dewey "fervently believed that philosophy had a responsibly to society and that ideas required laboratory testing: hence, he stressed the importance of schooling as a place where ideas can be implemented, challenged, and restructured, with the goal of providing students with the knowledge of how to improve the social order." (pg 188)
5.1.4. Role of Teacher:
5.1.4.1. Facilitator
5.1.4.1.1. Encourages
5.1.4.1.2. Offers Suggestions
5.1.4.1.3. Questions
5.1.4.1.4. Plan
5.1.5. Method of Instruction:
5.1.5.1. Individually and in groups.
5.1.5.2. Asking Questions
5.1.5.2.1. problem-solving or inquiry method
5.1.6. Curriculum:
5.1.6.1. Biased towards humanities
5.1.6.2. Literature
5.1.6.2.1. Evokes responses
5.1.6.3. "exposing children at an early age to problems as well as possibilities" (pg 191)
6. Schools as Organizations
6.1. Major Stake Holders in My District
6.1.1. 1. Federal Level:
6.1.1.1. Senator: Richard Shelby, Luther Strange
6.1.1.2. House or Representative: Gary Palmer
6.1.2. 2. State Level:
6.1.2.1. Senator : Richard Shelby
6.1.2.2. State Superintendent: Michael Sentance
6.1.2.3. Representative on the State School Board: Kay Ivey, Stephanie Bell, Cynthia Mccarty, Jackie Zeigler, Betty Peters, Yvette Richardson, Ella Bell, Jeffrey Newman, Mary Hunter, Ed Richardson
6.1.3. 3 Local:
6.1.3.1. Superintendent: Dr. Cindy Wigly
6.2. School Board: Joe Van Bunch, Dr. Vince Edmonds, Terry Kennamer, Mark Rains, and Tony Simmons.
6.3. Elements of Change:
6.3.1. School Processes: unique, powerful cultural qualities that make each school distinct.
6.3.2. School Cultures: very unique and distinctive and are a result of the political compromises that have been made in order to justify the school system.
7. Curriculum and Pedagogy
7.1. Curriculum Theory
7.1.1. Developmentalist: Rather than focusing on the needs of the community and society, it focuses on the needs and interests of the student
7.2. Dominant Traditions of Teaching
7.2.1. Mimetic tradition: knowledge that is shown to a learner, rather than discovered by the student.
7.2.2. Transformative tradition: distinctive change in the student.
8. Equality of Opportunity
8.1. Class, Race, Gender
8.1.1. The playing field of education isn't always fair, some speculate that it is tilted in favor of white, wealthy males.
8.2. Coleman Study Responses 1982
8.2.1. differences among schools do make a difference.
8.2.2. private schools place more emphasis on academics than do public schools.
9. Educational Inequality
9.1. types of cultural differences
9.1.1. Macrosociological: believes educational inequality is directly the result of the relationships between the economic system, the family, and the schools.
9.1.2. John Ogbu believes that African-American children do less well in school because they "adapt to their oppressed position in the class and caste structure."
9.2. School Centered Explanations for Educational Inequality
9.2.1. School Financing: schools in nicer neighborhoods get more money from property tax than poorer neighborhoods.
9.2.2. Effective School Research: within school differences are as or more significant than between school differences.
9.2.3. Between School Differences: there are various differences related to school curriculum, climate, and pedagogic practices.
9.2.4. Within School Differences: describes the division of students based off of teacher recommendations, test scores, and ascriptive characteristics.
10. Educational Reform
10.1. School Based Reforms
10.1.1. school choice: allows supply and demand to shape school policy rather than making educators adhere to the rules of educational politics.
10.1.2. charter school: do not have to adhere to many of the regulations applied to traditional public schools, and in return have to answer for the student's performances.
10.2. Reforms That Impact Education
10.2.1. State Takeover: the state's constitutional responsibility for public education results in them coming in and taking control.
10.2.2. Mayoral Control: moving control of the school systems into the mayor's office in order to optimize money and streamline decision making processes.