1. karyogram for normal human being
2. role of genetecist
2.1. provide information regarding the disorder and health to provide an understanding of the disease, its present and future implication
2.2. answer queries that the individual or the family members may have related to the disease
2.3. offer psycho-social support to the affected individuals and close family
2.4. offer information on the medical management of the disease
3. minimization
3.1. "And We will surely test you with something of fear and hunger and loss of wealth and lives and fruits, but give good tidings to the patient, [Al-Baqarah 2:155]
3.1.1. in this case, Allah test a married couple with an abnormal baby. They have to face the abnormalities of their child. because of the challenges, they have become patient people
3.2. "those will have loss who killed their children in foolishness without knowledge and prohibited what Allah had provided for them, inventing untruth about Allah. they have gone astray and will not (rightly) guided."[Al-An'am 6:140]
3.2.1. when a baby is diagnosed to have trisomy-13, the parents have two choices, whether to proceed the pregnancy or abort the fetus. but in the teaching of Islam, Allah prohibits us from killing (abort) a fetus.
3.3. "say, (O Muhammad), "O mankind, indeed i'm the messenger of Allah to you all (from Him) to whom belongs the dominion of the heaven and the earth. There is no deity except Him; He gives life and causes death." So believe in Allah and His messenger, the unlettered prophet, who believes in Allah and his words, and follow him that you maybe guided [Al-A'raf 7:158]
3.3.1. the parents who have an abnormal baby should accept the fate because every creation that comes from Allah will return back to Him. Allah's plan is the best
4. mutation
4.1. definition
4.1.1. change that occurs in DNA sequence, either due to mistake when the DNA is copied or because environmental factors such as UV light and cigarrette smoke
4.2. types
4.2.1. gene mutation
4.2.2. chromosomal mutation
4.2.2.1. definition
4.2.2.1.1. a change in the chromosome structure or number, often due to an error in pairing during the crossing-over stage of meiosis
4.2.2.2. types
4.2.2.2.1. mutation in structure
4.2.2.2.2. mutation in number
5. trisomy 13
5.1. definition
5.1.1. genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of genetic material from chromosome 13, instead of the usual two copies
5.2. factor
5.2.1. extra DNA from chromosome 13 appears in some or all of the body's cell
5.3. effect
5.3.1. cleft lip
5.3.2. extra fingers of toes
5.3.3. low-set ears
5.3.4. scalp defects (missing skin)
5.3.5. small eyes
5.3.6. small head
5.4. syndrome that related
5.4.1. patau syndrome