1. New Topic
2. Multipotent
2.1. Can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells
3. Enzymes
3.1. Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature
3.2. Without enzymes these reactions would be too slow to be of any use to the body
3.3. Are specific
3.3.1. Each enzyme will combine with only one particular substrate
3.3.1.1. Occurs because enzyme and substrate have characteristics that are complimentary to one another - have shape and structure that allows them to fit together
4. Genetic counseling
4.1. The examination of the incidence of a disorder in the family tree, where the probability that a particular problem will occur can sometimes be determined.
4.1.1. The couple can then decide whether to risk having a baby with the inherited disorder
5. DNA
5.1. DNA profile
5.1.1. The pattern of bonds revealed by the process of electrophoresis
5.1.1.1. Used to compare patterns in their genome or to identify individual’s traits
5.1.2. Ethics: ownership, best interest, discrimination
5.1.3. A sample of DNA is cut at particular base sequences and placed on a bed of gel
5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid
5.2.1. A molecule found in the cells of all organisms
5.3. Contain the genetic information that determine the structure of the cell and the way it functions
6. Red blood cells
6.1. Are well suited to their function of oxygen transport because they:
6.1.1. Contain haemoglobin, which is able to combine with oxygen
6.1.2. Have no nucleus, so there is more room for haemoglobin molecules
6.1.3. Are shaped like biconcave discs which increases surface area for oxygen
7. Blood vessels that are joined together to form channels through which the blood flows are
7.1. Arteries
7.1.1. Carry blood away from heart
7.2. Capillaries
7.2.1. Carry blood between the cells
7.3. Veins
7.3.1. Carry blood back to the heart
7.3.2. New Topic
8. Mitochondrial DNA
8.1. Inherited from mother
8.1.1. Autosomal
8.2. Affects fatty acid oxidation and transporters
9. Stem cells
9.1. Totipotent
9.1.1. Have the ability to potentially develop into any cells in the human body
9.2. Pluripotent
9.2.1. Capable of giving rise to most, but not all, tissues of an organism
10. Metabolism
10.1. All chemical reactions occurring in a living organism
10.2. 2 types of chemical reactions
10.2.1. Catabolism
10.2.1.1. Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones
10.2.1.2. Releases energy
10.2.2. Anabolism
10.2.2.1. Reactions in which small molecules are built up into larger molecules
10.2.2.2. Requires energy
11. Congenital disorders
11.1. Are defects or diseases that are present at birth
11.2. Are caused by mutations or a child inherits a defective gene from parents
11.3. Also caused by teratogens. An agent that causes physical defects in a developing foetus
11.3.1. Potential teratogens include antibiotics, LSD, alcohol, nicotine
11.4. The placenta allows many dangerous organisms and chemicals to pass from the mother to the foetus
11.4.1. Eg, viruses
12. Genetic diseases
12.1. Sickle cell anemia
12.1.1. Co dominant
12.2. Tay-sachs disease
12.2.1. Autosomal recessive
12.3. ABO blood groups
12.3.1. Co dominat
12.4. Red/green colourblindness
12.4.1. X-linked recessive
12.5. Haemophilia
12.5.1. X-linked recessive
12.6. Cystic fibrosis
12.6.1. Recessive
13. Nutrients and waste
13.1. Transported dissolved in the blood plasma
13.1.1. Nutrients are the essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the food we eat
13.1.2. Wastes are substances produced by the cells that can’t be used and would be harmful if allowed to accumulate
14. Cardiac cycle
14.1. The sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart
14.1.1. Pumping phase
14.1.1.1. When the heart muscle contracts (systole)
14.1.2. Filling phase
14.1.2.1. The heart muscle relaxes (diastole)
14.1.3. Atrial systole
14.1.3.1. Contraction of the atria
15. Variation
15.1. Difference in phenotypes between members of a species eg, skin colour, eye colour, height
15.2. Happens due to
15.2.1. Meiosis
15.2.1.1. Random assortment
15.2.1.1.1. Chromosomes split and end up in different gametes
15.2.1.2. Crossing over
15.2.1.2.1. Alleles switch so we get a different order of the genes
15.2.1.3. Non-disjunction
15.2.1.3.1. Wrong number of chromosomes in gametes (1 more or 1 less)
15.2.2. Random fertilisation
15.2.2.1. At fertilisation, there is no way of determining which sperm will unite with the egg
15.2.3. Epigenetics
15.2.3.1. Inherited characteristics that are not actually encoded in the DNA sequence itself
15.2.3.1.1. Passed on from one generation to the next
16. Structural organisation in human body b
16.1. The cell
16.2. Tissues
16.2.1. Epthelial tissue
16.2.1.1. Lining tissue
16.2.1.2. Eg-outer layer of skin
16.2.2. Connective tissue
16.2.2.1. Provides support for the bodys
16.2.2.2. Eg- bone and cartilage
16.2.3. Muscular tissue
16.2.3.1. Able to respond to a stimulus by contracting and becoming shorter
16.2.3.2. Skeletal, involuntary, cardiac
16.2.4. Nervous tissue
16.2.4.1. Made up of specialised nerve cells (neurons)
16.2.4.2. Eg- brain, spinal cord, nerves