1. he proved the relationship between electricity, magnetism and motion
2. George Louis Leclere & Thomas Francois Dalibard
2.1. performed the "kite in storm" experiment to prove Franklin's hypothesis
3. Henry Cavendish
3.1. made an artificial fish to unlock the questions about the torpedo fish
3.2. His model helped convince him that the real torpedo fish was electric
3.3. he pointed out a subtle distinction between the amount of electricity and its intensity. The real fish produced the same kind of electricity but it was just less intense
3.3.1. *Leiden jar's shock-high voltage but low charge *Torpedo fish- low voltage and high charge
4. Giovanni Aldini
4.1. conducted an experiment on a dead man
4.1.1. Using a voltaic pile, he began to apply an electric current to the dead man's body. Then Aldini put one electrical conductor in the dead man's anus and the other at the top of his spine. Forster's limp, dead body sat bolt upright and his spine arched and twisted.
4.1.2. this experiment inspired a young writer named Mary Shelley, which inspired her to write Frankenstein
5. Michael Faraday
5.1. recreated Oersted's work
5.2. he created a circuit, electric current to continuous motion
5.3. He'd created an electrical power directly from mechanical power
5.4. unlike the battery, his current flowed for as long as his copper disk was spun
6. Hans Christian Oersted
6.1. passed an electric current through a copper rod & brought it close to a magnetic compass needle & saw it made the needle rotate
6.2. showed for the first time that an electric current can create a magnetic force which is called ELECTROMAGNETISM
7. William Sturgeon & Joseph Henry
7.1. they independently worked to design and create a telegraph
8. Samuel Morse
8.1. developed a messaging system based on how long an electrical circuit was switched on or off
9. Wildman Whitehouse
9.1. mistakenly believed that by increasing the signal voltage, he could force the messages to Newfoundland
9.1.1. This resulted to the cable stopping altogether
10. Joseph Swan
10.1. perfected and developed his own version of the incandescent light bulb
10.2. discovered the FILAMENT- a material in which the electric current flows through with more difficulty than it does through the copper wire
10.2.1. this relies on the idea of RESISTANCE
11. came up with a rotating glass sphere and used the air pump to remove air inside it,
11.1. HAUKSBEE'S MACHINE-can make electricity at the turn of the handle
12. Francis Hauksbee
13. Stephen Gray
13.1. concluded that "electrical fluid" can flow through some things but not through others through his experiment using the wooden frame, silk ropes, swings and gold leaf.
13.2. He divided the world into 2 kinds of substances: conductors and insulators
14. Humphry Davy
14.1. built the world's largest battery, containing stinking stacks of metal and acid created to pump out more electricity
14.2. first demonstrated the electric arc light/lamp
15. Pieter van Musschenbroek
15.1. his breakthrough came because of a simple human mistake while trying to make a device to store electricity.
15.2. the mistake happened because he forgot to put the jar on an insulator and charged it instead while it was on his hand. He received a powerful electric shock when he touched the top while holding the jar with the other hand.
15.2.1. surprisingly, the jar could store the electricity for hours. They called it the LEIDEN JAR--- a jar of electric fluid
16. Benjamin Franklin
16.1. used the power of reason to rationally explain what many considered a magical phenomenon such as the lightning.
16.2. proved that lightning is electrical
16.3. showed that lightning storms are produced by electricity and that you can bring this electricity down, and that electricity is a force of nature that's waiting out there to be tapped.
16.4. His idea was every body has around an electrical atmosphere. And there is a natural amount of electric fluid around each body. If there is too much, we will call it positive. If there is too little, we will call it negative. And nature is organized so the positives and negatives always want to balance out.
16.5. His insight was that electricity was actually just positive charge flowing to cancel out negative charge.
16.6. Concluded that Capacitor is the equivalent of the Leiden Jar and it smooths out electrical surges
16.7. proposed but did not conduct the experiment
17. Luigi Galvani
17.1. a conservative Christian anatomist
17.2. he is attracted to the use of electricity in medical treatments
17.3. he assumed the body worked using animal electricity--a fluid that flows from the brain, through the nerves, into the muscles, where it's turned into motion.
17.4. he believed this special kind of entity in the animal muscle, which he calls animal electricity and that it is intrinsic to living beings
17.5. To prove Volta wrong he conducted an experiment
17.5.1. he hung his frogs on an iron wire and saw something totally unexpected. If he connected copper wire to the wire the frog was hanging from, and then touched the other end of the copper to the nerve, it seemed to him he could make the frog's legs twitch without any electricity at all.
17.5.1.1. Galvani came to the conclusion that it must have been something inside the frogs, even if dead, that continued for a while after death to produce some kind of electricity. And the metal wires were somehow releasing that electricity.
17.5.2. He believed that the frog's muscles were Leiden jars, storing up the electrical fluid and then releasing it in a burst.
18. Alessandro Volta
18.1. liberal in his thinking
18.2. For him, animal electricity smacked of superstition and magic and that it had no place in rational and enlightened science.
18.3. He believed it revealed something totally new. For him, the legs weren't jumping as a result of the release of animal electricity from within them, but because of the artificial electricity from outside and that the legs were merely the indicator.
18.4. He concluded the legs were only twitching because of the electricity from the Hauksbee machine.
18.5. TO PROVE GALVANI WRONG
18.5.1. BUILT HIS OWN ARTIFICIAL TORPEDO FISH and copied its repeating pattern using metal
18.5.1.1. this invention was known as "THE PILE"
18.5.2. He thought the electricity just had to come from somewhere else. began his search for the new source of electricity.
18.5.2.1. His suspicions focused on the metals that Galvani had used to make his frog's legs twitch. His curiosity had been piqued by an odd phenomenon he come across - how combinations of metals tasted.
18.5.2.1.1. He found that if he took two different metal coins and placed them on the tip of his tongue, and then placed a silver spoon on top of both he got a kind of tingling sensation, rather like the tingling you'd get from the discharge of a Leiden jar.
18.6. Volta concluded he could taste the electricity and it must be coming from the contact between the different metals in the coins and spoon.
18.6.1. The frog's leg twitched, not because of its own animal electricity, but because it was reacting to the electricity from the metals.
18.7. Volta tried his pile out on himself by getting two wires and attaching them to each end of the pile and bringing the other ends to touch his tongue. He could actually taste the electricity. This time, it was more powerful than normal and it was constant.
18.7.1. He'd created the first every battery which was was no longer an electrical and mechanical machine, it was just purely an electrical machine