1. what it is
1.1. Giddens 1993: world has moved towards Global 'single social system' wherein everyone is interdependent
1.2. OECD: defines globalization as "The geographic dispersion of industrial and service activities, for example research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution, and the cross-border networking of companies, for example through joint ventures and the sharing of assets."
1.3. • in intro: Marshall McLuhan Coined the expression "global village" and predicted the World Wide Web 30 years before it was invented. - Information technology heighten awareness - Force people to become more involved with one another from various social groups and countries.
2. Against
2.1. companies have too much power and they can take over small nations
2.2. too power full- link with above: coca-cola-2001 Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Colabthree union leaders killed in culumbia. they lost but likely due to it being outside of the US
2.3. increased educational competition through pisa etc which leads to a focus on that rather than improving student lives
2.4. McWorld Benjamin Barber: everyone becomes the same and as such diversity decreases
2.4.1. - Peace and prosperity at the cost of independence and identity - Jihad - offering solidarity and protecting identity by waging war against outsiders - Separatists seek to assert subnational identities through force - McWorld likely to win in the long term
2.5. intro: reed, class interest and profit-making. This is the view that James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer hold in their book “Gobalisation unmasked” 2001 (web link- http://www.spectrezine.org/reviews/Petras.htm).
2.6. white washing through cultural hegemony: such as people living in hurts- who's to say they aren't happy
2.7. takes away skilled labour from developed countires and abses the labour of the developing
2.8. 1. Inequality: Globalisation has been linked to rising inequalities in income and wealth. Evidence for this is a rise in the Gini-coefficient and a growing rural–urban divide in countries such as China, India and Brazil. This leads to political and social tensions and instability as a backlash.
2.8.1. : Strong demand for food and energy has caused a steep rise in commodity prices. Food price inflation (known as agflation) has placed millions of the world's poorest people at great risk.
2.9. macro economics: 3. Macroeconomic Instability: A decade or more of strong growth, low interest rates, easy credit in developed countries created a boom in share prices and property valuations. The bursting of speculative bubbles prompted the credit crunch and the contagion from that across the world in from 2008 onwards. This had negative effects on poorer & vulnerable nations.
2.10. stopping competition as there are mega corporations
2.11. protectionist issues
2.12. Beck - Risk society - ecological disaster, nuclear war, international economic breakdown - Expert knowledge no longer provide authoritative means of eliminating these risks - Proliferations of competing expert claims undermines public confidence in experts - People are increasingly knowledgeable but more skeptical about scientific claims
2.12.1. Hall One response to globalization is the attempt to preserve traditional cultures, or create hybrid cultures - Migration an important cause of cultural change - New cultural formations arise from the need of migrants for 'translation' between the society the have left and the one they now live in.- leads to terrorism. this should be own branch
3. positive
3.1. it's inevitable given the increase in communication and opportunities people want, and so it must be worked on rather than stopped
3.2. it gives people more opportunities to try new things and allows the poor to have mroe options, though globalization cultural opportunities are presented
3.3. increased communication humanizes people to one another and as such brigs about more understanding
3.4. freedom to go places and have yours own opporunities which were once not there
3.5. ngos can help create national standards of rights such as the geneva convention but there was not signed by the usa showing this flaw
3.6. human rights are more likely to be watched out for
3.7. 1. Trade enhances division of labour as businesses and countries specialise in areas of comparative advantage actually allows for more jobs such as in china- jim riley argues that chinese wages are actually increasing as they now have more demand than supply
3.8. less monopoly? 3. Competitive markets reduce monopoly profits and incentivize businesses to seek cost-reducing innovations and improvements in what they sell – this leads to an improvement in dynamic efficiency
3.9. general theorists
3.9.1. Anthony Giddens - Modernity is inherently globalizing - World capitalist economy - The nation state system - The world military system - International division of labour
3.9.2. doesnt even really exist: Paul Hirst and Graham Thompson - Globalization a myth - Those who claim that globalization is new and all pervasive have failed to produce evidence - Defenders of globalization fail to provide clear definition that distinguishes a global from an international economy - They are selective in the evidence they use to support their claims - Their analysis lack historical depth - Present highly internationalized economy is less open and integrated than in 1870 - 1914 (volume of global trade stayed at a growth of 3.4 - 3.6 percent)
3.9.3. Stanley Hoffmann - Little evidence that globalization has radically altered the role of the state in international affairs - Domestic pressures force state to act in spite of external constraints - Three features of contemporary politices - Global governance remain weak - Globalization has not profoundly challenged the enduring national nature of citizenship - Threat of war is still a feature of contemporary world.