1.1. So = así que - She was ill so she couldn’t take the exam.
1.2. I failed my English test and therefore I took it
1.3. As a result / therefore = again in September.
1.4. por tanto, como consecuencia - I failed my English test. Therefore, I took it again in September.
1.5. so / such....that = tan........que
1.6. SO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + THAT
1.7. The ticket for the concert was so expensive (that) we couldn’t buy it.
1.8. SUCH + (ADJECTIVE) + NOUN THAT
1.9. It is such a big city (that) I always get lost.
2. De tiempo (Time)
2.1. When / as: cuando
2.2. -As I was walking down the street, I saw my ex-boyfriend.
2.3. While = mientras (que)
2.4. -I love the mountains while my husband prefers the sea.
2.5. As soon as = tan pronto como
2.6. -I’ll phone you as soon as I know the answer. -As soon as he had finished studying, he left.
2.7. Before / after = antes de (que) /después de (que)
2.8. -The train had left before they got to the station. -She went to the gym after she had done her homework.
2.9. Until = hasta (que).
2.10. - We were waiting until she arrived .
2.11. Nota: Las oraciones temporales siguen la regla de la secuencia de tiempos. Esta consiste en que cuando el verbo de la oración principal está en presente o futuro, el verbo de la subordinada está en presente (caso de los ejemplos de when, as o as soon as). Cuando el verbo de la oración principal está en pasado, el verbo de la subordinada también está en alguna de las formas de pasado.
3. De contraste.
3.1. -In spite of / Despite = a pesar de -Although / even though / though = aunque
3.2. La diferencia entre ambos nexos es que los segundo van seguidos de una oración (con sujeto y verbo) y los primeros van seguidos de nombre o un verbo sustantivado (en – ing).
3.3. ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH + CLAUSE
3.4. Although he didn’t have money, he bought the most expensive car.
3.5. IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN / -ING FORM
3.6. In spite of not having money, he bought the most expensive car.
3.7. Despite the rain, we went out for a walk.
3.8. Nota: Podemos también usar in spite of the fact / despite the fact (that) + clause = a pesar del hecho de que.
3.9. In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went out for a walk.
3.10. While y whereas = mientras que
3.11. - He is lively and easygoing whereas his sister is rather shy
3.12. However, nevertheless, yet = no obstante, sin embargo, aun asi.
3.13. - She didn’t want to have more children.. However, she might change her mind. - Joshua felt ill, yet he went to work.
4. Because = porque Because of = por, debido a
5. Reason (Razón).
5.1. ¿POR QUE? ¿DEBIDO A?
5.2. La diferencia entre ambos nexos es que el primero va seguido de una oración (con sujeto y verbo) y el segundo va seguido de nombre.
5.3. BECAUSE + CLAUSE
5.4. We moved to another city because my father got a new job.
5.5. BECAUSE OF + NOUN
5.6. We moved to another city because of my father’s new job.
5.7. As /since = como, puesto que. - As it is your birthday, I’ll lend you my best clothes.
6. Purpose (Propósito).
6.1. To + infinitivo - I went to the university to talk to one of my teachers.
6.2. In order to / - I went to the university in order to talk to one of my so as to teachers. (more formal)
6.3. observacion. En frases negativas, se emplea generalmente in order not to /so as not to (no not to sólo): - I hurried so as not to miss the bus. Este tipo de nexo sólo se usa cuando el sujeto del verbo y el del infinitivo es el mismo.
6.4. So that + can(n’t) /will (won’t) → para referirnos al presente o futuro
6.5. + would(n’t) / could(n’t) → para referirnos al pasado