1. Class 1: Evidence Based Management
1.1. Lecture
1.1.1. Evidence based people management
1.1.1.1. Psychology, sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, communication
1.1.1.2. Manage yourself, manage your team, manage your organization
1.1.1.3. Connection between being, thinking and doing
1.2. Readings
1.2.1. Why every company needs evidence-based management (Pfeffer, Sutton)
1.2.1.1. Bad decisions are made
1.2.1.1.1. Mergers <> Success
1.2.1.1.2. Decisions are often based on hope, fear, trend, etc., NOT FACTS
1.2.1.1.3. Halt current methods of making decisions
1.2.1.1.4. Hard: to trust research, to absorb everything, to identify strong research
1.2.1.1.5. Half truths
1.2.1.2. Better way to decide
1.2.1.2.1. Correct mindset: Go beyond conventional wisdom, gather facts
1.2.1.2.2. Focus on copying how they think, not what they do
1.2.1.2.3. Don't do what has worked in the past
1.2.1.2.4. Don't follow deep yet unexamined ideologies
1.2.1.2.5. Structured people still make unstructured decisions
1.2.1.3. Experiment and control
1.2.1.3.1. What assumptions does the idea have?
1.2.1.3.2. Which assumptions seen reasonable or questionable?
1.2.1.3.3. Could this idea still succeed if assumptions were wrong?
1.2.1.3.4. How can data be gathered fast, cheap and easy?
1.2.1.3.5. What ideas could address the same problem and be more consistent with believes?
1.2.1.3.6. e.g. rewarded teacher models don't work
1.2.2. NPR Podcast: From Harvard Economist to Caesar's CEO
1.2.2.1. Experiment based, special offers for people who would not go otherwise
1.2.2.2. Rewards: low cost to casino, high value to customers
1.2.2.3. Avoid high winners and high loosers, win early on
1.2.2.4. Customer data through loyalty cards
1.2.2.5. Help 2% addict gamblers
2. Class 2: Motivating Performance
2.1. Lecture
2.1.1. What affects motivation
2.1.1.1. Output (pay, promotions, security, etc.) / Input (time, reliability, sharing, etc.), relative to others
2.1.1.2. Aim for overpayment (higher output): motivated people
2.1.1.3. With equity, people work to standards (ok)
2.1.1.4. Income doesn't make people happier
2.1.1.5. Extrinsic factors = job dissatisfaction, intrinsic factors = job satisfaction
2.1.2. How to correctly motivate
2.1.2.1. "Pay people enough to stop people worrying about money"
2.1.2.2. Aim for autonomy, mastery, challenge, making a contribution
2.1.2.3. Best practices
2.1.2.3.1. Use intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, not just money
2.1.2.3.2. Make it frequent
2.1.2.3.3. Clarify and reinforce connection and desired effort
2.1.2.3.4. Be consistent
2.2. Readings
2.2.1. Employee Recognition at Intuit (Stanford GSB)
2.2.1.1. Started basic, had lots of opportunities
2.2.1.1.1. Cash: forgotten
2.2.1.1.2. 2001: simple system, quickly adopted, uneven
2.2.1.2. Evolved to formal program
2.2.1.2.1. Gift certificates
2.2.1.2.2. High use
2.2.1.2.3. Surveys, feedback, prompt, simple, global
2.2.1.2.4. Third party: globoforce
2.2.1.2.5. BUT
2.2.1.2.6. Solutions
2.2.2. On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping for B. (Kerr, S)
2.2.2.1. Frequent mistakes
2.2.2.1.1. Societal
2.2.2.1.2. Organizations
2.2.2.1.3. Business
2.2.2.2. Causes
2.2.2.2.1. Fixated on "objective" criteria
2.2.2.2.2. Overemphasis on highly visible behaviors
2.2.2.2.3. Hypocrisy
2.2.2.2.4. Emphasis on morality or equity, not efficiency
2.2.2.3. Solutions
2.2.2.3.1. Select individuals aligned to management
2.2.2.3.2. Train employees, although not great
2.2.2.3.3. Alter reward system: positively reinforce desired behaviors
2.2.3. Six dangerous myths about pay (Pfeffer, J)
2.2.3.1. 6 Myths
2.2.3.1.1. Labor rate = labor costs
2.2.3.1.2. Lower labor rates = lower labor costs
2.2.3.1.3. Labor costs are a big part of total costs
2.2.3.1.4. Labor costs are a competitive advantage
2.2.3.1.5. Motivation = compensation
2.2.3.1.6. People work for money
2.2.3.2. Merit pay systems
2.2.3.2.1. They take time and make people unhappy
2.2.3.2.2. If you came for money, you would leave for money. You want employees that like work, culture and people
3. Class 3: Performance Appraisal
3.1. Lecture
3.1.1. Purpose of performance appraisals
3.1.1.1. Evaluation
3.1.1.2. Coaching
3.1.1.3. Rewards / Pay
3.1.2. Problems
3.1.2.1. General problems
3.1.2.1.1. Communication problems
3.1.2.1.2. Reporting and evaluation problems
3.1.2.1.3. Perceptual problems / expectations
3.1.2.2. Impediments
3.1.2.2.1. Recipient problems (self illusions)
3.1.2.2.2. Sender problems (illusion of transparency, sugarcoating)
3.1.2.3. Overestimation of contributions
3.1.2.4. Evaluation problems
3.1.2.4.1. Leniency error: honesty is hard
3.1.2.4.2. Halo error: correlation between dimensions high
3.1.2.4.3. Forcing information: Appraisal constructed after evaluation is made
3.1.2.4.4. Input bias: Focusing solely on effort
3.1.2.4.5. Recency error: Recent actions have more influence
3.1.2.4.6. Similarity error: Like me = good
3.1.2.5. Evaluation bias
3.1.2.6. Self-fulfilling expectations
3.1.3. Solutions
3.1.3.1. Self evaluations
3.1.3.2. Forced distributions, although not perfect
3.1.3.2.1. Bell curve, strict hierarchy, quartiles
3.1.3.2.2. People don't want it, forced turnover bad, perceptual biases, lawsuits
3.1.3.3. Praise vs. Criticism
3.1.3.3.1. Start with praise
3.1.3.3.2. Be specific in criticisms
3.1.3.3.3. Make it a sandwich: good, bad, bood
3.1.3.3.4. Ask to identify their own challenges
3.1.3.4. Frame correctly
3.1.3.4.1. Non judgemental language
3.1.3.4.2. Teachable moment
3.1.3.4.3. Timely: soon, personal
3.1.4. Best practices
3.1.4.1. Ask questions to get their perspective
3.1.4.2. Provide positive feedback first, negative second
3.1.4.3. End with actions and be concrete
3.2. Readings
3.2.1. Performance appraisal exercise
3.2.1.1. Different perspectives
3.2.1.2. Not cooperative
3.2.2. Conducting a performance appraisal interview (Beer, M)
3.2.2.1. Goals
3.2.2.1.1. Placement
3.2.2.1.2. Promotions
3.2.2.1.3. Fire
3.2.2.1.4. Pay
3.2.2.2. Evaluation goals
3.2.2.2.1. Give feedback
3.2.2.2.2. Develop data for pay
3.2.2.2.3. Discharge and retention decisions
3.2.2.3. Coaching and Development Goals
3.2.2.3.1. Coach subordinates for better performance
3.2.2.3.2. Develop commitment
3.2.2.3.3. Motivate
3.2.2.3.4. Strengthen supervisor-subordinate relations
3.2.2.3.5. Diagnose problems
3.2.2.4. Both are in contraposition: eval and development
3.2.2.4.1. Self-image
3.2.2.4.2. Rewards
3.2.2.4.3. Therefore, people are ambivalent
3.2.2.5. Problems
3.2.2.5.1. People are ambivalent
3.2.2.5.2. They avoid the process
3.2.2.5.3. They don't fully engage: superficial, not specific, sandwich, not analyzed
3.2.2.5.4. Feedback and defensiveness: self image
3.2.2.5.5. Avoidance and defensiveness combined: worst combination
3.2.2.6. Solutions: Appraisal System
3.2.2.6.1. Uncouple evaluation and development
3.2.2.6.2. Choose appropriate performance date: specific goals and tailored data, use 360° eval
3.2.2.6.3. Upward appraisal
3.2.2.6.4. Eliminate performance appraisal system, work by exceptions
3.2.2.7. Solutions: Appraisal Interview
3.2.2.7.1. Tel and sell method
3.2.2.7.2. Tell and listen interview
3.2.2.7.3. Problem solving interview
3.2.2.7.4. Mixed model interview: begin open ended (problem solving), end tell and sell or tell and listen
3.2.2.7.5. Best practices: schedule, agree on content and process, good location and space, review objectives when opening, exchange feedback, develop plan for improvement, close discussion with future
3.2.3. Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes (Snyder, M)
3.2.3.1. When people expect someone to behave in a way, they alter their behavior and make the other party act as expected
3.2.3.2. Examples
3.2.3.2.1. Physical attractiveness
3.2.3.2.2. Sex differences
3.2.3.3. Aggraviating factors
3.2.3.3.1. Selective memory: reinforces stereotype
3.2.3.3.2. Stigmatized groups subscribe to same stereotypes
4. Class 4: Decision Making
4.1. Lecture
4.1.1. Rational tools
4.1.1.1. MAUT: Multi attribute utility theory
4.1.1.2. Decision trees
4.1.1.3. Rational approach requires subjective inputs
4.1.1.4. People are boundedly rational
4.1.1.5. GIGO (Great input, great output)
4.1.2. Biases and Solutions
4.1.2.1. Confirmation bias
4.1.2.1.1. Sampling on dependent variable
4.1.2.1.2. Overconfidence
4.1.2.2. Availability
4.1.2.2.1. People using recent or easy date
4.1.2.2.2. Anchoring and ease of recall
4.1.2.3. Representativeness
4.1.2.3.1. Insensitivity to base rates
4.1.2.3.2. Conjunction fallacy
4.1.2.3.3. Solution: Think about cause and effect, collect good data and avoid causal relationships
4.2. Readings
4.2.1. Decision Making Exercise
4.2.1.1. Survey, "unexpected" results
4.2.2. The hidden traps in decision making (Hammond)
4.2.2.1. Anchoring trap
4.2.2.1.1. View from different perspectives
4.2.2.1.2. Think about problem before consulting others
4.2.2.1.3. Be open minded
4.2.2.1.4. Avoid anchoring advisors, share little info
4.2.2.2. Status quo trap
4.2.2.2.1. Status quo is comfortable
4.2.2.2.2. Remind yourself of objectives
4.2.2.2.3. Never consider it the only alternative
4.2.2.2.4. Ask if status quo would be preferred if it weren't the status quo
4.2.2.2.5. Avoid exaggerating effort to change
4.2.2.2.6. Force to choose: inaction is a choosing
4.2.2.3. Sunk-cost trap
4.2.2.3.1. Justifies past choices
4.2.2.3.2. Seek views of uninvolved
4.2.2.3.3. Examine why admitting mistakes distresses you
4.2.2.3.4. Be on the lookout for influence of sunk cost biases
4.2.2.3.5. Avoid failure fearing culture
4.2.2.4. Confirming evidence trap
4.2.2.4.1. Tendency to decide what we want before we figure it out
4.2.2.4.2. Examine all evidence with same rigor
4.2.2.4.3. Consider position with open mind
4.2.2.4.4. Be honest about motives
4.2.2.4.5. Don't ask leading question that invite confirming evidence
4.2.2.5. Framing trap
4.2.2.5.1. Frames as gains vs looses, frame with different reference points
4.2.2.5.2. Don't accept initial frame
4.2.2.5.3. Pose problems in neutral, redundant way
4.2.2.5.4. Think about the framing problem
4.2.2.5.5. Examine the framing you are given
4.2.2.6. Estimating and forecasting traps
4.2.2.6.1. Overconfidence
4.2.2.6.2. Recallability trap
4.2.2.6.3. Start considering extremes
4.2.2.6.4. State your estimates honestly
4.2.2.6.5. Examine assumptions
5. Class 5: Team Decision Making
5.1. Lecture
5.1.1. Teams
5.1.1.1. Social facilitation
5.1.1.2. Increases performance
5.1.1.3. Fear what others think
5.1.1.4. Speed, accountability, consistent values, efficient use of time, less conflict
5.1.2. Individuals
5.1.2.1. Productivity, diversity of knowledge, high quality decisions, increase acceptance, pooling of resources
5.1.3. Problems and solutions
5.1.3.1. Groupthink
5.1.3.1.1. Not being critical
5.1.3.1.2. Symptoms
5.1.3.1.3. Fixes
5.1.3.2. Escalation of commitment
5.1.3.2.1. Tendency to maintain commitment to losing curses of action, even in face of negative news
5.1.3.2.2. Causes
5.1.3.2.3. Fixes
5.2. Readings
5.2.1. Carter Racing exercise
5.2.2. Selection bias and the perils of benchmarking (Denrell, J)
5.2.2.1. Same behavior, different outcomes
5.2.2.2. Problem
5.2.2.2.1. Persistence & Persuation: success or failure
5.2.2.2.2. We only evaluate successful companies
5.2.2.2.3. VCs look at entire spectrum
5.2.2.2.4. Management practice: also biased
5.2.2.3. Solution
5.2.2.3.1. Analyze all data: successes and failures
5.2.2.3.2. Benchmark unsuccessful firms also
5.2.3. Why teams don't work (Hackman, J.R.)
5.2.3.1. Implications of teams
5.2.3.1.1. Coordination
5.2.3.1.2. Motivation
5.2.3.1.3. Competition
5.2.3.2. Solutions
5.2.3.2.1. Designate deviant (devil's advocate)
5.2.3.2.2. Avoid double digits: keep small
5.2.3.2.3. Keep the team together
5.2.3.2.4. Be ruthless about membership
5.2.3.2.5. Set compelling direction
5.2.3.2.6. Embrace own style
5.2.3.2.7. Focus coaching on group processes
5.2.3.2.8. Protect deviant
6. Class 6: Negotiation / Conflict Resolution
6.1. Lecture
6.1.1. Essentials
6.1.1.1. BATNA: Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement
6.1.1.2. RP: Reservation point
6.1.1.3. ZOPA: Zone of Possible Agreement
6.1.2. Key strategies
6.1.2.1. First offer when you can correctly guess their reservation price
6.1.2.2. Tell BATNA when it's better than they think it is
6.1.2.3. Never tell reservation price
6.1.3. Integrative negotiation
6.1.3.1. Make the pie as big as possible
6.1.3.2. Best practices
6.1.3.2.1. Build trust and share information
6.1.3.2.2. Ask questions about interests, not positions
6.1.3.2.3. Make package offers
6.1.3.2.4. Search for post-settlement settlements
6.2. Readings
6.2.1. Negotiation exercise
6.2.2. Chapter 9: Negotiation (Bazerman, Moore)
6.2.2.1. Objective: improve total outcomes
6.2.2.2. Decision analytics approach
6.2.2.2.1. Describes other party
6.2.2.2.2. Prescribes your actions
6.2.2.3. BATNA
6.2.2.4. Interests: Evident <> Underlying
6.2.2.5. Share info for a given position
6.2.2.6. Create value, claim value
6.2.2.7. Overlap: positive bargaining zone
6.2.2.8. No overlap: negative bargaining zone
6.2.2.9. Creating value
6.2.2.9.1. Trade issues -> Increase total value
6.2.2.9.2. Create value through bets
6.2.2.10. Build trust and share information
6.2.2.11. Ask questions
6.2.2.12. Strategically disclose information
6.2.2.13. Negotiate multiple issues simultaneously
7. Class 8: Power and Influence
7.1. Takeaways
7.1.1. Be careful of authority, blind obedience can lead to unforseen results (no robots)
7.1.2. Ensure everyone can express opinion, don't assume silence is agreement
7.2. Lecture
7.2.1. Case: Milgram experiment
7.2.1.1. Compliance more likely due to
7.2.1.1.1. Expert in room
7.2.1.1.2. Shifting blame
7.2.1.1.3. Blaming others
7.2.1.1.4. Participant got paid
7.2.1.1.5. "Lab" setting
7.2.2. Obedience
7.2.2.1. Efficient, needs to keep morals or won opinion
7.2.2.2. Depends on time: discussion (less obedience) vs. execution (more obedience)
7.2.2.3. Pro: efficient, necessary for certain situations
7.2.2.4. Con: can lead to less creativity or one-sided results
7.2.2.5. How to reduce it?
7.2.2.5.1. Instill sense of responsibility in individual employees
7.2.2.5.2. Cultivate culture of questioning authority
7.2.2.5.3. Ensure channel for reporting unethical behavior
7.2.3. Persuasion Strategies
7.2.3.1. (1) Liking
7.2.3.1.1. People like people who like them: similarity and flattery increases liking => Uncover real similarities and offer genuine praise
7.2.3.2. (2) Reciprocity
7.2.3.2.1. People feel obligated to return favors: offer sth. up front, instill sense of trust => Do favors, offer to help, and give gifts to co-workers & bosses
7.2.3.3. (3) Social Proof
7.2.3.3.1. People follow the lead of similar others: we look at what our peers do to find out what is appropriate => Use evidence from peers whenever available
7.2.3.4. (4) Consistency
7.2.3.4.1. People try to do what they say they will: make subordinates write down tasks, public declaration even stronger motivator, has to be voluntary, people want to be seen as consistent => Make commitments active, public and voluntary
7.2.3.5. (5) Authority
7.2.3.5.1. People defer to experts: life is complicated and we use short-cut of asking experts => Expose your expertise, don't assume it's self-evident (e.g. manager gives you recommendation)
7.2.3.6. (6) Scarcity
7.2.3.6.1. People want more of what is difficult to get: scarcity makes sth valuable, more demanded and seems more important => Highlight unique benefit and exclusive information
7.3. Readings
7.3.1. Obedience to authority (Milgram, S.)
7.3.1.1. Milram Experiment: tested how far the participant will comply with the experimenter's instruction before refusing to carry out the actions (giving electric shocks) required of him.
7.3.1.2. (Results)
7.3.1.2.1. ・Many people obey the experimenter by sense of obligation
7.3.1.3. (Takeaways)
7.3.1.3.1. ・They didn't feel sence of responsibility because they're only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action
7.3.1.3.2. ・The setting of experiment (Yale University, professor, etc...) gave an authority
7.3.1.3.3. ・Systematic devaluation of the victim (psychological justification for brutal treatment)
7.3.1.3.4. ・The closeness of the victim affected the results
7.3.2. Harnessing the Science of Persuassion (Cialdini, R.)
7.3.2.1. ・"Born persuaders" are often unable to account for their remarkable skill. How can executives cquire them? Here are principles
7.3.2.2. (1) Liling: If you want to influence people, win friends by finding the similarity and praising. (2) Reciprocity: Give what you want to receive (3) Social proof: People tends to follow peers, friends more. (4) Consistency: Promises spoken out loud or written down is more likely to be achieved. (5) Authority: Executives should establish their expertise before try to influcence others. (6) Scarcity: Highlight unique benefit and exclusive information to the specific key players.
8. Class 9: Diversity
8.1. Takeaways
8.1.1. Discrimination is not only open, traditional prejudice
8.1.2. Reducing prejudice requires vigilance
8.1.3. Organizational: hiring policies, managers discouraging biases, identity self-help groups
8.1.4. Individual: Awareness of implicit attitudes, Seeking experiences that contradict prejudice
8.2. Lecture
8.2.1. Types of prejudice
8.2.1.1. traditional prejudice "a hostile attitude toward a person who belongs to a group"
8.2.1.1.1. adopted conciously
8.2.1.1.2. varies from person to person
8.2.1.1.3. expressed overtly
8.2.1.1.4. Social norm to punish the traditional prejudice is developed
8.2.1.2. Implicit prejudice
8.2.1.2.1. Negative, non-conscious association towards a group
8.2.1.2.2. Relatively ubiquitous (everyone has it)
8.2.1.2.3. Leads to automatic behavior (how nice you are, help etc.)
8.2.1.2.4. measured by Implicit Association Task (IAT)
8.2.2. IAT
8.2.2.1. Measure how quickly one can categorize words and people
8.2.2.2. Shows subconscious prejudice, and people normally have difficulity to accept result
8.2.3. Found in reality
8.2.3.1. Disparate Impact
8.2.3.1.1. Adverse effect: when a process has the intention of being neutral, but still results in discriminating between men/women or black/white
8.2.3.2. Stereotype threat
8.2.3.2.1. The anxiety to show one's own abilities which may confirm a negative stereotype of society
8.2.3.2.2. Person themselve reacts to stereotype that he thinks will be used on him
8.2.3.2.3. e.g. Asians on math tests (Try not to show the ability)
8.2.4. Solutions
8.2.4.1. Reduce implicit bias
8.2.4.1.1. conscious / deliberate thought
8.2.4.1.2. debiasing agents (Like B. Obama! Good examples)
8.2.4.2. What can organization do?
8.2.4.2.1. Put people in charge that are visibly part of intended bias change (e.g. women as senior leaders or allocate quota for specific group)
8.2.4.2.2. Education
8.2.4.2.3. collect data to disconfirm stereotype
8.3. Readings
8.3.1. Chapter 3, The Warren Harding Error: Why we fall for Tall, Dark and Handsome Men (Gladwell, M)
8.3.1.1. ・Warren Harding won the presidency in 1920 only because he was “a great looking President” but he was not a good president at all. - the dark side of rapid discrimination
8.3.1.2. ・IAT (Implicit Association Test) : we make connections much more quickly between pairs of ideas that are already related in our minds than we do between pairs of ideas that are unfamiliar to us. IAT measures the immediate, automatic associations that tumble out before we’ve even had time to think. & we may not even be aware of them.
8.3.1.2.1. What should we do about Warren Harding errors? :We can change our first impressions by changing the experiences that comprise those impressions. Changing life so that you are exposed to minorities on a regular basis and become comfortable with them and familiar with the best of their culture.
8.3.2. Thin ice: "Stereotype threat" (Steele, C.M.)
8.3.2.1. ・Stereotype threat: the threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype : example
8.3.2.1.1. [Math ability test] Perfomance White>Black
8.3.2.1.2. [No judging test] Performance White = Black
8.3.2.2. ・In addition to stereotype threat, there is also a negative effect of "self-fullfilling prophecy", which is internalized negative stereotypes.
8.3.2.3. ・ Research shows that it is possible to create a space in which negative stereotypes are not felt to apply => School or office should try to weaken a group's sense of being threatened by negative stereotype
8.3.3. NPR podcast: How to fight racial bias when it's silent and subtle
9. Class 10: Human Resource Decisions
9.1. Takeaways
9.1.1. Understand skills that define success at job
9.1.2. Be careful of overweighing past results
9.2. Lecture
9.2.1. Affects hiring
9.2.1.1. Past history
9.2.1.1.1. Past history can be indicator of future performance, but can also be misleading
9.2.1.1.2. FAE Bias: easier to link performance to ability than situational influences
9.2.1.2. "Fit"
9.2.1.2.1. Often attractive, tall, extroverted and those matching stereotype
9.2.1.2.2. Often indistinguishable from bias, prejudice or whim
9.2.1.2.3. Imitating behavior of interviewer increases performance
9.2.1.2.4. People believe in importance of "fit" and that the are good judge of character
9.2.1.3. Recruiting practices
9.2.1.3.1. Interviewers are often untrained
9.2.1.3.2. Preferred traits (height, attractive, sociable) don't necessarily lead to good job performance
9.2.1.3.3. Interviewer has perceptual biases (similar-to-me, first-impression, self-fulfilling prophecy, halo)
9.2.1.3.4. Be aware of illegal questions (race, religion, sexual orientation..)
9.2.2. Solutions
9.2.2.1. Work-relevant questions
9.2.2.2. Same interviewer asks each candidate same questions
9.2.2.3. Same interviewer for all candidates
9.2.2.4. Systematic rating & system for combining all interviewers' ratings
9.2.2.5. Use quantitative tools
9.2.2.6. But people hate this!
9.3. Readings
9.3.1. New Recruits Case (SG Cowen)
9.3.1.1. Hiring Process
9.3.1.2. (1)On campus recruiting (by juniors, alums)
9.3.1.2.1. -pros: establish presence in schools, juniors can evaluate technical skills, know the school's program (alum), candidates can feel closer
9.3.1.2.2. -cons: can these young people assess FIT?, subjective?
9.3.1.3. (2) Super Saturday (by managers): go to HQ, all day interviews, dinner with CEO, the decision is done by the end of the day
9.3.1.3.1. -pros: seniors might be better at assessing FIT (?)
9.3.1.3.2. -cons: subjective, really using the evaluation sheet? (people don't like systematic evaluation), sparkle?, do they really understand the recruiting policy?, the criteria are somewhat vague
9.3.2. NPR Podcast: How Yahoo's Marissa Mayer is hiring a Dream Team in Silicon Valley
9.3.3. NPR Podcast: Employers Forced to Judge Job Candidates' Career Trajectory
9.3.4. Stubborn reliance on intuition and subjectivity in employee selection (Highhouse, S.)
9.3.4.1. Researches showed that selection decision aids (rational tools for hiring, such as paper-and-pencil tests, structured interviews, mechanical combination of predictors) often outperform unstructured interviews.
9.3.4.2. However, the managers don’t believe it. These are two beliefs that inhibit adoption of selection decision aids.
9.3.4.3. (1)Inherent resistance to analytical approaches because they fail to view selection as probabilistic and subject to error.
9.3.4.4. (2)The prediction of human behavior is improved through experience. → results in an over-reliance on intuition and reluctance to undermine one’s own credibility by using a selection decision aid.
10. Class 11: Social Networks
10.1. Takeaways
10.1.1. Networks are dynamic, non-linear, invisible, but manageable and appropriate in diff. situations
10.1.2. Social capital provides opportunity to apply human & financial capital
10.2. Lecture
10.2.1. Capitals of Prosperity
10.2.1.1. Social capital becomes as important as financial capital (cash) and Human capital (skill, ideas, talent)
10.2.1.2. Social capital is your network of trusted contacts (in several social worlds)
10.2.1.3. Allows you to transcend your individual limitations
10.2.1.4. referrals: to diverse forms of human capital
10.2.1.5. Access: to private info
10.2.1.6. Timing: of info before becomes public
10.2.2. Types of Social Network
10.2.2.1. Closure Network
10.2.2.1.1. All members linked to each other
10.2.2.1.2. Few gaps in team, high closure in network
10.2.2.1.3. Most people in group center know each other
10.2.2.1.4. PRO => Trustful / Easy to give referral / High accountability / Max cooperation & control / More equal distribution of info / Max loyalty & cohesion / Increase reciprocity
10.2.2.1.5. CON => Information in group is rarely novel & often redundant / No big picture view / Groupthink
10.2.2.2. Brokerage Network
10.2.2.2.1. Position between several individuals or groups
10.2.2.2.2. Gaps between groups, members often don't know each other
10.2.2.2.3. Groups otherwise unable to communicate with each other
10.2.2.2.4. PRO => Opportunity to combine or exploit info in new ways / Access to diverse opportunities / High autonomy & flexibility / Can adopt to org or market changes
10.2.2.2.5. CON => Others may not see you as loyal to any group / Difficult to develop expertise in any one area / Decreases motives to cooperate in case of uncertain payoffs / Can create unequal dist. of rewards
10.2.3. How to build/maintain network
10.2.3.1. Favor exchange: Giving and asking favors (unprompted & personal)
10.2.3.2. Shared activity: Joining different organizations outside normal circles (Professional / Social / Hobby)
10.2.3.3. Share network: Ask invitees to bring someone new / make it habit to know contacts of contacts
10.3. Readings
10.3.1. Hale and Dore Case
10.3.1.1. Selling legal service
10.3.1.2. Relationship matters a lot/ Trust is important / Expertise makes a swithing cost for customers high / referrals are important
10.3.1.3. What's important in this business?
10.3.1.3.1. ・Utilize incentive for biz dev
10.3.1.3.2. ・Formalize network by using a technology such as sales force
10.3.1.3.3. ・ Manage crossfunctionally (integrate know-how of different divisions)
11. Class 12: Founding Teams
11.1. Takeaways
11.1.1. Who you choose affects decisions
11.1.2. 3Rs
11.2. Lecture
11.2.1. Key elements of teams
11.2.1.1. Roles
11.2.1.1.1. Commitment
11.2.1.1.2. Idea People
11.2.1.1.3. Past experiences
11.2.1.2. Relationships
11.2.1.2.1. Teams of friends and family
11.2.1.2.2. What to do
11.2.1.3. Rewards
11.2.1.3.1. Splitting equity
11.2.1.3.2. What to do
11.3. Readings
11.3.1. Smartix: Swinging for the Fences Case
11.3.1.1. Issue faced in the case
11.3.1.1.1. - How to divide the equity once business is established
11.3.1.1.2. - How to build a good team
11.3.1.2. Shoud we have a co-founder?
11.3.1.2.1. (pros) Share risk / Not lonely / Share responsibility
11.3.1.2.2. (cons) No 100% control / No 100% equity / Confidentiality risk
11.3.1.3. How should we divide equity?
11.3.1.3.1. In the case, the division was based on the past / future contribution, commitment, and opportunity cost.
11.3.1.4. Outcome
11.3.1.4.1. They did not go with MSG, Six Flags instead
11.3.1.4.2. During pitches to VCs the stock market crashed
11.3.1.4.3. Closed Smartix
11.3.1.4.4. Biggest mistake: Not attracting David Keebler
12. Class 13: Managing Innovation
12.1. Takeaways
12.1.1. One view of innovation is about having lots and lots of ideas and options
12.1.2. Bureaucracy, though natural, is the hobgoblin of innovation
12.1.3. Org structure, Culture and HR policies can increase chances a firm will be radically innovative
12.2. Lecture
12.2.1. 3M Case
12.2.1.1. - Innovation is about trying lots of things and failing often
12.2.1.2. - Diff between "Innovation company (Explore)" and "Incremental improvement company"(Exploit).
12.2.1.3. - Company should balance it in terms of HR, Culture and structure
12.2.1.4. - Innovation is not knowing the future, but have enough ideas to be able to respond to it well
12.2.1.5. - Organization needs to constantly generate ideas
12.2.2. Problem of company size
12.2.2.1. As age and size grow, a company tends to be bureaucratic
12.2.2.2. - Employees develop expertise in existing systems/technology (very good at 1 product)
12.2.2.3. - Changes threaten entrenched structure -> often disruptive & threatens old expertise
12.2.2.4. Options how to stay "small": Slip company / Invest in other companies / Physical distance between research and "old" business
12.2.3. Encourage Exploration
12.2.3.1. Organization
12.2.3.1.1. - Flat Org Structure (Vertical and horizontal interaction, decentral control, agile)
12.2.3.1.2. - Divisions open & close (Interaction, Cross-breeding of ideas)
12.2.3.1.3. - Independent teams (few & quick decisions lead to easy experimentation, less deciders)
12.2.3.2. Culture
12.2.3.2.1. - Failure is accepted (Reward trying, punish inactivity)
12.2.3.2.2. - Disobedience is tolerated (need confident employees, keep balance though)
12.2.3.2.3. - Disagreement is encouraged (culture of discussion, multiple inputs, devil's advocate)
12.2.3.3. HR
12.2.3.3.1. - Select employees with diversified ideas (hire people with ideas, creativity and new backgrounds)
12.2.3.3.2. - Give people time to persue their interests
12.2.3.3.3. - Shield creative teams from customers (no admin or operational tasks)
12.3. Readings
12.3.1. Microsoft's Creative Destruction (Brass, D.)
12.3.1.1. ・Microsoft has never developed a true system for innovation.
12.3.1.2. Why?
12.3.1.3. ・Internal uncontrolled and destructive competition
12.3.1.4. -ClearType: denied by the head of Office and CP for pocket devices
12.3.1.5. -tablet PC: refused to modify Office applications to work with the tablet, by VP of Office
12.3.1.6. ・historic preference to develop (highly profitable) software without undertaking
12.3.1.7. (highly risky) hardware
12.3.1.8. ・Timing has also been poor.
12.3.2. How Google Decides to Pull the Plug (Goel, V.)
12.3.2.1. ・Interests are necessary for new products
12.3.2.2. ・Key tests for continued incubation
12.3.2.3. ・Tries products internally before releasing them
12.3.2.4. ・Listening to users. (official blog)
12.3.2.5. ・Willing to take risks
12.3.2.6. ・Google purposefully puts out imperfect and unfinished products
12.3.2.7. (in-class discussion) But are they enough?
12.3.2.8. - Only focusing on big projects?
12.3.2.9. - Became too big? - different department people less likely to work together?
12.3.3. Profile of an Innovating Company: 3M Case
12.3.3.1. Organization design
12.3.3.2. - Specialized in product (42 divisions and 80 labs)
12.3.3.3. - Each division has its own sales force and budget
12.3.3.4. Culture
12.3.3.5. - Torelate risk / Care about the new-in-market products
12.3.3.6. - No hierarchy / exchange ideas
12.3.3.7. HR Policy
12.3.3.8. - 15% freetime for innovation / 25% new-product revenue rule
12.3.3.9. - Dual ladder rule (You can both persue engineer or management)
12.3.3.10. Recent year change
12.3.3.11. - Corporate planning function / Short term growth plan/More descipline
12.3.3.11.1. => These may contradict with innovative org. design
13. Class 14: Leadership
13.1. Takeaways
13.1.1. Leadership requires different styles in different situations
13.1.2. A good leader needs to get comfortable with these styles and recognize when to use them
13.2. Lecture
13.2.1. Leadership Styles
13.2.1.1. 1. Directing
13.2.1.1.1. High direction, low support
13.2.1.1.2. (Military; easy & repetitive tasks)
13.2.1.1.3. 'Primary objective: securing immediate compliance
13.2.1.1.4. - Efficient & quick: provides clear directives without soliciting others' input or listening to their reactions
13.2.1.1.5. - Maintains tight control through frequent visits, reports and close monitoring
13.2.1.1.6. - Relies on negative corrective feedback (make clear what is wrong & needs correcting)
13.2.1.1.7. - Clearly indicates negative consequences of non-compliance
13.2.1.2. 2. Coaching
13.2.1.2.1. High direction, high support
13.2.1.2.2. (New recruits, direct reports that one wants to develop)
13.2.1.2.3. Primary objective: long-term professional development
13.2.1.2.4. - Develops and articulates clear vision and direction
13.2.1.2.5. - Helps others identify strengths and weaknesses
13.2.1.2.6. - Helps others establish long-range development goals in light of their strengths and weaknesses
13.2.1.2.7. - Gives feedback on performance and development
13.2.1.2.8. - May trade off immediate performance for long-term development, sees mistakes as learning opportunities
13.2.1.3. 3. Supporting
13.2.1.3.1. Low direction, high support
13.2.1.3.2. (R&D supported by budget etc. but otherwise left alone)
13.2.1.3.3. Primary objective: building commitment and consensus
13.2.1.3.4. - Gives others full participation in setting direction of work team and establishing plans to achieve it
13.2.1.3.5. - Emphasizes importance of consensus in group-decision making processes
13.2.1.3.6. - Listens carefully to team members for their ideas
13.2.1.3.7. - Ensures organizational roadblocks are removed
13.2.1.4. 4. Delegating
13.2.1.4.1. Low direction, low support
13.2.1.4.2. (Senior partners, Executives, Startups sometimes)
13.2.1.4.3. Primary objective: juggle multiple demands and high complexity
13.2.1.4.4. - Allow managers to have freedom to do what they think best
13.2.1.4.5. - Leads by example, or "modeling", anticipating that others understand rationale for what is being modeled
13.2.1.4.6. - Delegates demanding tasks to outstanding performers who need little instructions
13.2.1.4.7. - Requires high managerial ability of subordinates
13.2.2. Key points
13.2.2.1. - Actively note different styles in others (learn from others, emulalte them, understand when, how, and with whom to use each style)
13.2.2.2. - Practice new behaviors in low-risk situations
13.2.2.3. - Ask people you trust for feedback on how you are doing and how you can improve (awareness)
13.2.2.4. - Remember that there is no best way to lead
13.3. Readings
13.3.1. Leslie Brinkman Versutia Capital Case
13.3.1.1. Problems:
13.3.1.1.1. - gap between her hope and the organization
13.3.1.1.2. - industry norm? (because it's hedge fund?)
13.3.1.1.3. - growth in size (she can't handle all of her responsibilities)
13.3.1.1.4. - relative to gender norms?
13.3.1.1.5. -Is she aware of the problems?
13.3.1.1.6. - What gets you promoted isn't management.
13.3.1.1.7. -lack of processes
13.3.1.2. Solutions
13.3.1.2.1. - try to make less stressful, focus on coaching & supervision
13.3.1.2.2. - delegate, change organization less flat
13.3.1.2.3. - return some money, focuse only on good ideas
13.3.1.2.4. - step back and reflect on cultures, values
13.3.1.2.5. - identify what's the long-term goal
13.3.1.2.6. - get a coach?