1. José María Campo Serrano (1886-1887):
1.1. BOGOTA
1.1.1. electric lightning
1.1.2. potable water
1.2. RAILROADS
1.2.1. Magdalena
1.2.2. La Sabana
2. Eliseo Payán (1887):
2.1. freedom of press
2.2. friend of liberals
2.3. removed of presidency
3. Rafael Nuñez (1887-1888):
3.1. founded El Banco Nacional
3.2. organized a conference Iberoamericana in Panama
3.3. send people to la Guerra Del Pacifico
4. Carlos Holguín Mallarino (1888-1892):
4.1. Government based on modernization
4.2. CREATED:
4.2.1. La Policia Nacional
4.2.2. Teatro Colon
4.2.3. Hospital Militar
4.2.4. Stablished 1 telephone services
5. Miguel Antonio Caro (1892-1898):
5.1. Nationalized alcohol and Tabaco
5.2. Bad relationship with the people
5.3. had to give the presidency
6. Manuel Antonio Sanclemente (1898-1900):
6.1. Old man
6.2. During his mandate:
6.2.1. Fight: liberals vs. government
6.2.2. Guerra de los mil dias
6.2.3. Betrayed by the vice-president
6.2.4. Golpe de estado
7. José Manuel Marroquín (1900-1904):
7.1. Betrayed and torture the last president
7.2. During presidency:
7.2.1. Reformation of education
7.2.1.1. divided school and university system
7.2.2. Gaved part of Panama´s canal to U.S.A
8. Rafael Reyes (1904-1909):
8.1. liberals in his government
8.2. lots of fights
8.3. overcome a financial crisis
8.4. promoted growth of new industries
9. Ramón González Valencia (1909-1910):
9.1. Call Asamblea Constituyente
9.1.1. study and approve changes
9.1.1.1. carta magna 1886
9.2. long period of peace
9.3. falsos positivos
9.4. negotiate with U.S.A separation of Panama
10. Carlos Eugenio Restrepo (1910-1914):
10.1. Raised taxes
10.2. economy went up
10.3. buck up the church
10.4. conservative with some liberals ideas
10.5. part of "Thomson-Urrutia"
10.5.1. 25 million dollars to colombia
10.5.2. free passage through the canal for Colombian ships.
11. José Vicente Concha (1914-1918):
11.1. Started world war one
11.2. economy went down
11.3. spent money only for necessary
11.4. reduced people in the government and army
11.5. signed treaty Suárez-Muñoz Vernaza
12. Marco Fidel Suárez (1918-1922):
12.1. Had a lot of problems
12.1.1. he had not support of a lot of conservatives
12.1.2. workers hate him
12.1.2.1. decrease salaries and put more hours
12.1.3. Crisis Montenaria
12.2. Quit the presidency before it finishes
13. Pedro Nel Ospina (1922-1926):
13.1. invited liberals in his government
13.2. boost national infrastructure
13.3. created Banco Agrícola Hipotecario.
13.4. first president to use airplanes to make missions
14. Miguel Abadía Méndez (1926-1930):
14.1. Last president of the conservative hegemony
14.2. arranged maritime and land boundaries
14.3. PROMOTED:
14.3.1. public work
14.3.2. education
14.3.3. Indian missions