1. Nematoda
1.1. Examples
1.1.1. Ascarid
1.1.1.1. Parasite of pigs + humans: Live in intestine
1.1.1.2. If ingested by another host, eggs hatch in intestine
1.1.1.3. Larvae bore through body and ends in lungs
1.1.1.4. Host coughs them up, swallows them
1.1.1.5. Live in host for 9-12 mo
1.1.2. Hookworms
1.1.2.1. Enter through bare feet
1.1.2.2. Travel to intestines, where they hang on and consume blood
1.2. Characteristics
1.2.1. Free living or parasitic
1.2.2. Lives from tropics to polar regions, dirt, host, aquatic
1.2.3. 1mm to 1m
1.2.4. Hydrostatic skeleton: Muscles supported by water
1.2.5. Cuticle: Tough outer covering provides protection
1.2.6. Mesoderm
1.2.6.1. Body cavity partly lined w/ mesoderm; pseudocoelomate
1.3. Digestion + Feeding
1.3.1. 2 Openings
1.3.1.1. More efficient digestion
1.3.1.1.1. Mouth-> Pharynx-> Intestine-> Anus
1.3.2. Eats
1.3.2.1. Decaying matter, fungus, algae, bacteria
1.3.2.2. Food, blood of host (Parasitic)
1.4. Reproduction
1.4.1. Most are DIOECIOUS
1.4.1.1. 2 separate sexes
1.4.2. Females larger than males
1.5. Nervous System
1.5.1. Simple, with GANGLIA, NERVES and several types of SENSORY ORGANS- touch, chemoreceptors (smell, taste)
1.6. Gas Exchange/Circulatory/Excretory Systems
1.6.1. Diffusion
2. Annelida
2.1. Classes
2.1.1. Polychaeta
2.1.1.1. "Many Bristles"
2.1.1.2. Marine
2.1.1.3. Free living or tube dwelling
2.1.1.4. Largest class
2.1.1.5. Parapodia: movement, increases SA for gas exchange
2.1.2. Oligochaeta
2.1.2.1. "Few Bristles"
2.1.2.2. Examples: Earthworms
2.1.2.3. Terrestrial
2.1.2.4. Few setae, no parapodia
2.1.3. Hirudinea
2.1.3.1. Leeches
2.1.3.2. Mostly parasites: Inject anesthesia, gain 10x body weight
2.1.3.3. No setae or parapodia
2.2. Characteristics
2.2.1. Segmentation allows for more specialization
2.2.2. Each septum limits diffusion
2.2.3. Bilateral symmetry
2.2.4. Hydrostatic skeleton
2.2.5. Coelomates
2.3. Use in Enviroment
2.3.1. Food chain
2.3.2. Earthworms aerate soil & provide organic matter poop (castings)
2.3.3. Leeches: Medical uses
2.4. Digestive + Feeding
2.4.1. Mouth: Eat
2.4.2. Pharynx: Swallow
2.4.3. Esophagus: Connect
2.4.4. Crop: Storage
2.4.5. Gizzard: Grinds food
2.4.6. Anus: Releases castings
2.5. Circulatory System
2.5.1. Closed system of blood vessels
2.5.2. Thicker, larger animas
2.5.3. Carries nutrients, O2
2.5.4. Dorsal blood vessel + Ventral blood vessel
2.5.5. 5 "hearts" (aortic arches)
2.6. Gas Exchange
2.6.1. Diffusion
2.7. Excretory System
2.7.1. Nephridia: 2 excretory tubes per segment
2.7.2. Nitrogenous waste & excess water removed via Nephridia
2.7.3. Water/waste exit through excretory pores
2.8. Nervous System
2.8.1. Anterior "brain"
2.8.2. Ventral nerve cord w segmented branches
2.8.3. Senses: receptors for light, moisture, temp, vibrations
2.9. Reproduction
2.9.1. Hermaphrodites
2.9.1.1. Doesn't self-fertilize
2.9.1.2. Each passes sperm to other worm's sperm receptacle
2.9.1.3. Mucus cocoon is secreted from clitellum
2.9.1.4. Rolls off anterior end
2.9.1.5. Collects eggs/sperm as it rolls -> Becomes egg capsule
2.10. Mesoderm
2.10.1. Body cavity fully lined w/ mesoderm: Permits organs to function: Coelomate
3. Arthropoda
3.1. Examples
3.1.1. Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans
3.2. Characteristics
3.2.1. Exoskeleton
3.2.2. Jointed Appendages
3.2.2.1. Adapted for different purposes: Catching, Swimming, Crawling, Walking, Sensing, Feeding
3.2.3. Segmented
3.3. Classes
3.3.1. Uniramia
3.3.1.1. Centipede
3.3.1.1.1. Body plan
3.3.1.2. Millipede
3.3.1.2.1. Body plan
3.3.1.3. Insect
3.3.1.3.1. Body plan
3.3.2. Crustacea
3.3.2.1. Crayfish
3.3.2.2. Body plan
3.3.2.2.1. 4 pairs of legs, 2 claws, 2 pairs of antennae
3.3.2.2.2. cephalothorax, abdomen
3.3.2.3. Sensing
3.3.2.3.1. 1st & 2nd antenna
3.3.2.4. Eating
3.3.2.4.1. Jaw, 1st & 2nd maxilla; 1st, 2nd, & 3rd maxilliped
3.3.2.5. Respiration
3.3.2.5.1. Gill & Gill separator
3.3.2.6. Movement
3.3.2.6.1. Walking leg, Swimmeret, Uropod, Telson
3.3.2.7. Sperm
3.3.2.7.1. 1st abdominal appendage of male: Transfer to female
3.3.3. Chelicerata
3.3.3.1. Ticks, Spiders, Scorpions, Horseshoe Crabs
3.3.3.2. Body plan
3.3.3.2.1. 4 pairs of legs, no antennae
3.3.3.2.2. Cheliceral: Fangs used to stab & poison
3.3.3.2.3. Cephalothorax, abdomen
3.4. Digestive system
3.4.1. Mouth-> Esophagus-> Stomach-> Intestine-> Anus
3.4.2. Stomach: 2 parts
3.4.2.1. Cardiac: Storage, Contains gastric mill
3.4.2.2. Pyloric: Digestion
3.5. Respiration
3.5.1. Gills: feathery; provides greater SA
3.5.2. Located under carapace, attached to walking legs
3.6. Circulation
3.6.1. Open: Hemolymph: Mixture of fluids + blood
3.6.2. Gills-> Heart-> Body sinuses-> Back to gills
3.7. Excretion
3.7.1. Green Glands
3.7.2. Anterior end
3.7.3. Remove nitrogenous waste & excess water
3.8. Nervous System
3.8.1. Anterior brain
3.8.2. Ventral nerve chord
3.8.3. Compound eyes
3.8.4. Sensory bristles
3.8.5. Statocyst: Fluid w/ sand
3.9. Reproduction
3.9.1. Dioecious
3.9.2. External fertilization
3.9.3. Female holds eggs in swimmerets
4. Mollusca
4.1. Classes
4.1.1. Bivalve
4.1.1.1. 2 shells
4.1.1.2. Muscles, clams, oysters
4.1.1.3. Filter feeders
4.1.1.4. Some burrow, some sessile, some "swim"
4.1.1.5. Defense
4.1.1.5.1. Close shell: Uses muscles to close
4.1.1.6. Reproduction
4.1.1.6.1. Dioecious
4.1.1.6.2. External fertilization
4.1.2. Gastropod
4.1.2.1. "Stomach-footed"
4.1.2.2. 1 shell (Spiral)
4.1.2.3. Conch, Cone snail, garden snail
4.1.2.4. Radula: "tongue" to scrape algae off of rocks and make holes in others' shells
4.1.2.5. Wave-like muscle contractions & secretes mucus
4.1.2.6. Defense
4.1.2.6.1. Shell
4.1.2.6.2. Operculum: Predator and drying out
4.1.2.7. Reproduction
4.1.2.7.1. Hermaphrodite
4.1.2.7.2. Internal fertilization
4.1.3. Cephalopod
4.1.3.1. "Head-footed"
4.1.3.2. No shells except squid-pen + chambered nautilus
4.1.3.3. Squid, Octopus, Chambered Nautilus
4.1.3.4. Radula inside beak; arms/tentacles capture prey
4.1.3.5. Jet propulsion; crawling
4.1.3.6. Defense
4.1.3.6.1. Ink: diffusion
4.1.3.6.2. Camoflauge
4.1.3.6.3. Escape
4.1.3.7. Reproduction
4.1.3.7.1. Dioecious
4.1.3.7.2. Internal fertilization
4.2. Characteristics
4.2.1. Soft body/Visceral Mass
4.2.2. Muscular foot
4.2.3. Hard shell
4.2.4. Mantle: Secrete shell, outer body of a squid
4.3. Systems (Digestion + Feeding)
4.3.1. Mouth-> Esophagus-> Stomach-> Intestine-> Anus
4.3.2. Twisted on inside: Adds more complexity
4.3.3. Coelomate
4.4. Respiration
4.4.1. Have gills
4.4.2. Gas diffuses from gill hearts into blood "vessels"
4.5. Circulation
4.5.1. Gastropod + Bivalve
4.5.1.1. Open Circulation- Not a cycle; Blood floats in with tissues
4.5.1.2. Hemolymph
4.5.1.2.1. Mixture of boy fluids + blood
4.5.2. Cephalopod
4.5.2.1. Closed system- All blood contained in vessels; no open space
4.5.2.2. 3 hearts: 1 for whole body, 2 for gill hearts
4.6. Excretion
4.6.1. Nephridia: Removes nitrogenous waste & excess water
5. Echinodermata
5.1. Examples
5.1.1. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins
5.2. Characteristics
5.2.1. Spiny skin
5.2.2. Endoskeleton
5.2.3. Radial Symmetry
5.2.4. Water Vascular System
5.3. Water Vascular System
5.3.1. Network of seawater-filled tubes
5.3.2. Functions: Help obtain food, circulation, & movement
5.3.3. One opening: Madreporite
5.3.4. Madreporite-> Stone canal-> Radial canal-> Ampulla-> Tube feet
5.4. Movement (Sea Star)
5.4.1. Pump water into tube feet
5.4.2. Extend and attach onto surface
5.4.3. Water flows out of tube feet + back through system
5.4.4. Tube feet shorten, pulling sea star forward
5.5. Symmetry
5.5.1. Radial
5.6. Classes
5.6.1. Sea Stars
5.6.1.1. Digestive System
5.6.1.1.1. Feed on clams, oysters, snails
5.6.1.1.2. Mouth on oral side
5.6.1.1.3. Stomach in central disc; digestive glands in arms
5.6.1.2. Respiration
5.6.1.2.1. Diffusion across skin of tube feet
5.6.1.2.2. Some also have tiny skin gills
5.6.1.3. Excretion
5.6.1.3.1. Diffusion across skin of tube feet + gills
5.6.1.4. Circulation
5.6.1.4.1. O2, metabolic waste carried by water vascular system, but no circulatory system
5.6.1.5. Nervous system
5.6.1.5.1. No brain
5.6.1.5.2. Nerve ring encircles mouth & connects w/ 5 radial nerves
5.6.1.5.3. Large sensory nerve network coordinates movement of spines/feet
5.6.1.5.4. Tips of arms have light sensitive eyespot + nerves to sense food/chemicals
5.6.1.6. Reproduction
5.6.1.6.1. Most dioecious
5.6.1.6.2. 2 gonads in each arm, open directly to outside
5.6.1.6.3. External ferilization
5.6.1.6.4. Some can regenerate
5.6.2. Brittle Stars
5.6.2.1. Small with 5 long, thin arms
5.6.2.2. Fragile
5.6.3. Sand Dollars + Urchins
5.6.3.1. Sand Dollars
5.6.3.1.1. Disk-shaped
5.6.3.1.2. Covered w/ tiny moveable spines
5.6.3.1.3. Sediment feeders
5.6.3.2. Urchins
5.6.3.2.1. Spherical
5.6.3.2.2. Sharp spines for defense
5.6.3.2.3. Grazers, sediment feeders, or scavengers
5.6.3.2.4. 5 part mouth
5.6.4. Sea Cucumbers
5.6.4.1. Tubular
5.6.4.2. 5 rows of tube feet
5.6.4.3. Sticky tentacle-like feet surround mouth
5.6.4.4. Eats organic debris in sand
5.6.4.5. Shoots thin tubules out of its anus when threatened; can eject entire digestive system
5.6.5. Sea Lilies + Feather Stars
5.6.5.1. Feather stars: Crinoids
5.6.5.2. Most ancient
5.6.5.3. Mouth on dorsal side
6. Chordata
6.1. 3 groups
6.1.1. Monotremes
6.1.1.1. Lay eggs
6.1.2. Marsupials
6.1.2.1. Have pouches
6.1.3. Placentals
6.1.3.1. Develops inside mother's body, gets nutrients via placenta
6.2. Examples
6.2.1. Fish
6.2.1.1. Cartelidge Skeleton
6.2.1.2. Sharks, skates, rays, bone fish
6.2.1.3. Live in water
6.2.1.4. Scales, fins, gills
6.2.1.5. External fertilization
6.2.1.6. Eggs allow gas exchange/waste removal
6.2.1.7. Circulatory System
6.2.1.7.1. Single pump
6.2.1.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Gills-> Body
6.2.1.7.3. Has 1 ventricle + 1 atrium
6.2.2. Amphibians
6.2.2.1. Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
6.2.2.2. Larvae + Adult Stage
6.2.2.3. 4 legs, body, tail
6.2.2.4. Gas exchange: Gills (larvae), lungs + skin (adult)
6.2.2.5. Skin must stay moist
6.2.2.6. External fertilization in moist environment
6.2.2.7. Circulatory System
6.2.2.7.1. Double pump
6.2.2.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body
6.2.2.7.3. Not efficient b/c blood can mix in ventricle
6.2.3. Reptiles
6.2.3.1. Alligators, crocodiles, turtles, lizards
6.2.3.2. Dry, scaly skin; shed skin
6.2.3.3. 4 legs, tail, lungs
6.2.3.4. Internal fertilization
6.2.3.5. Amniotic eggs
6.2.3.6. Fully terrestrial
6.2.3.7. Circulatory System
6.2.3.7.1. Double pump
6.2.3.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body
6.2.3.7.3. Partial wall helps make system in heart more efficient
6.2.4. Birds
6.2.4.1. Bald eagle, penguin, cardinal
6.2.4.2. Feathers, 2 legs, 2 wings
6.2.4.3. Amniotic eggs
6.2.4.4. Internal fertilization
6.2.4.5. Built for flight
6.2.4.6. Excretes uric acid
6.2.4.7. Circulatory System
6.2.4.7.1. Double pump
6.2.4.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body
6.2.4.7.3. Complete wall makes heart fully efficient, no mixture
6.2.5. Mammals
6.2.5.1. Platypus, echidna, kangaroo, humans, bears
6.2.5.2. Fur
6.2.5.3. Produce milk for young
6.2.5.4. Internal fertilization
6.2.5.5. Circulatory System
6.2.5.5.1. Double pump
6.2.5.5.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body
6.2.5.5.3. Complete wall makes heart fully efficient, no mixture
6.3. Characteristics
6.3.1. Notochord: Becomes vertebrae of backbone
6.3.2. Dorsal nerve chord become spinal chord
6.3.3. Post-anal tail
6.3.4. Gill slits not present in mammals after embryo
6.4. Transition to Land
6.4.1. Amniotic eggs
6.4.1.1. Reptiles + Birds: Waterproof shell, won't dry out, yolk is food supply, waste disposal sac
6.4.2. Waterproof skin
6.4.2.1. So animal doesn't dry out
6.4.3. Legs
6.4.3.1. Tetrapod: 4-legged
6.4.3.2. Amphibians: Legs out to side, crawl on belly
6.4.3.3. Reptiles: Legs out to side, can lift body off ground
6.4.3.4. Mammal: Legs fully underneath, faster
6.4.4. Fully developed lungs
6.4.4.1. Moist gas exchange surface protected within body-> Lungs
6.4.4.2. Don't need to use skin to supplement O2 in, CO2 out
6.5. Definitons
6.5.1. Ectotherm
6.5.1.1. Can't maintain constant internal body temp; cold-blooded
6.5.1.2. Fish, amphibians, reptiles
6.5.1.3. Pros/Cons
6.5.1.3.1. Pro: Requires less food
6.5.1.3.2. Con: Limited geographical distribution
6.5.2. Endotherm
6.5.2.1. Can maintain constant internal body temp
6.5.2.2. Birds, mammals
6.5.2.3. Pros/Cons
6.5.2.3.1. Pro: Can adapt to wide range of environments
6.5.2.3.2. Con: Requires lots more food
7. Protists
7.1. Characteristics
7.1.1. Muti or unicellular
7.1.2. No tissues
7.2. Metabolism
7.2.1. Phototrophs
7.2.1.1. Gets energy from sun
7.2.1.2. Kelp, dinoflagellate
7.2.2. Organotrophs
7.2.2.1. Feeds on organisms
7.2.2.2. Amoeba
7.3. Reproduction
7.3.1. Asexual
7.3.1.1. Binary fission
7.3.2. Sexual
7.3.2.1. Conjugation
7.3.3. Both
7.3.3.1. Has asexual + sexual portion of life
7.4. Diversity
7.4.1. Kelp Forest
7.4.2. Diatones
7.4.2.1. Converts silicone to glass
7.4.3. Vulvox
7.4.3.1. Large colony of cells
7.4.4. Ciliate
7.4.4.1. Cilia
8. Eukaryota (General)
8.1. Animals
8.1.1. Evolution
8.1.1.1. Cambrian Explosion 50M ya
8.1.2. Characteristics
8.1.2.1. Muticellular
8.1.2.2. Motile (moveable)
8.1.2.3. Heterotrophs
8.1.2.4. No Cell Walls
8.1.2.5. Blastula
8.1.3. Invertabrates
8.1.3.1. No tissue
8.1.3.1.1. Sponges
8.1.3.2. Tissue
8.1.3.2.1. Radial Symmetry
8.1.3.2.2. Bilateral Symmetry
8.1.4. Vertebrates
8.1.4.1. Lanceletes
8.1.4.1.1. Head
8.1.4.2. Lamphreys
8.1.4.2.1. Jaws
8.1.4.3. Cartilage fish
8.1.4.3.1. Lungs
8.1.4.4. Bony fish
8.1.4.4.1. Lobed-fins
8.1.4.5. Lobe-finned fish
8.1.4.5.1. Legs
8.1.4.6. Amphibians
8.1.4.6.1. Legs
8.1.4.7. Reptiles
8.1.4.7.1. Amniotic Eggs
8.1.4.8. Mammals
8.1.4.8.1. Milk
9. Kingom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
9.1. King Puts Cookies On Fat Guy's Stomach
10. Porifera
10.1. Examples
10.1.1. Sponges
10.2. Symmetry
10.2.1. Asymmetrical
10.3. Gas Exchange
10.3.1. Diffusion
10.4. Excretion
10.4.1. Diffusion
10.5. Feeding
10.5.1. Filter Feed
10.5.1.1. Water enters pore, flows through tunnels, exits through osculum
10.5.1.2. Water brings in food, oxygen, removes CO2, nitrogenous wastes
10.5.1.3. Cells trap plankton
10.6. Structure
10.6.1. Pore Bearers
10.6.2. Sessile-doesn't move
10.6.3. Vase-like body surrounding hollow cylinder
10.6.4. Cells
10.6.4.1. Different types, but not organized into tissues
10.6.4.1.1. Epithelial Cells: "Skin"
10.6.4.1.2. Choanocytes: "Collar"
10.6.4.1.3. Archaeocytes: "Stem cell"
10.6.4.2. No organs, nerve, skin, and muscle tissue
10.6.5. Skeleton
10.6.5.1. Spicules-Hard
10.6.5.2. Spongin
10.6.5.2.1. Soft Protein Material
10.7. Reproduction
10.7.1. Asexual
10.7.1.1. Budding: Bud can detach and form into new sponge
10.7.1.2. Can regenerate
10.7.1.3. Gemmules (freshwater): Dormant mass of archaeocytes
10.7.1.4. "Hibernate" in drought of freezing
11. Cnidaria
11.1. Classes
11.1.1. Schyphozoans
11.1.1.1. Body: Medusa
11.1.1.2. Examples: Jellyfish
11.1.2. Hydrozan
11.1.2.1. Body: Polyp
11.1.2.2. Examples: Hydra, Portuguese man-o-war
11.1.3. Anthozoan
11.1.3.1. Body: Polyp
11.1.3.2. Examples: Sea anemone
11.2. Structure
11.2.1. Two Body Styles
11.2.1.1. Polyp: Sessile, cup shaped
11.2.1.2. Medusa: Free-floating; bell-shaped
11.2.2. Gastrodermis
11.2.2.1. Layers of specialized cells that line the gastrovascular cavity
11.2.3. Gastrovascular cavity
11.2.3.1. Digests/Absorbs food
11.2.4. Mouth
11.2.4.1. For eating and releasing undigested food
11.2.5. Mesoglea
11.2.5.1. Jelly-like layer provides support
11.2.6. Epidermis
11.2.6.1. Cells from outer, protective layer
11.2.6.2. Has contracting cells (like muscles)
11.2.7. Tentacle
11.2.7.1. For catching prey
11.2.8. Stinging cells
11.2.8.1. Cnidocyte contains nematocysts (stinging harpoons)
11.3. Symmetry
11.3.1. Radial: Splits in half infinitely; no head
11.3.2. Bilateral: Split in half; has head
11.4. Feeding + Digestion
11.4.1. Gland cells
11.4.1.1. Release digestive enzymes
11.4.2. Flagellated cells
11.4.2.1. Cells move around, to keep it from settling to bottom
11.4.3. Amoeboid
11.4.3.1. Cells transfer nutrients to other cells
11.5. Reproduction
11.5.1. Sexual
11.5.1.1. Polyp and Medusa body styles
11.5.2. Asexual
11.5.2.1. Budding
11.6. Gas Exchange
11.6.1. O2 diffusion in; CO2 out
11.7. Circulation
11.7.1. None; rely on diffusion
11.8. Excretion
11.8.1. Diffusion (no poop)
11.9. Response
11.9.1. Nerve net
11.10. Movement
11.10.1. Jet Propultion
12. Platyhelminthes
12.1. Classes
12.1.1. Turbellaria
12.1.1.1. Examples: Planarians, flatworms
12.1.1.2. Free living (not parasitic)
12.1.1.3. Mostly scavengers or predatory carnivores
12.1.2. Trematoda
12.1.2.1. Examples: Liver flukes
12.1.2.2. Parasitic
12.1.2.3. Tough outer covering
12.1.2.4. Infects internal organs or blood of host
12.1.3. Cestoda
12.1.3.1. Examples: Tapeworms
12.1.3.2. Parasitic: Lives in small intestine
12.1.3.3. No mouth and digestive tract
12.1.3.4. Absorbs food through body walls
12.1.3.5. Attaches to intestine w/ hooks + suckers on scolex
12.1.3.6. Mature segments (proglottids) @ posterior end break off an exit, full of eggs + sperm
12.1.3.7. Can be several feet long
12.2. Characteristics
12.2.1. Cephalization: All senses in head
12.2.2. 3 body layers
12.2.2.1. Ectoderm
12.2.2.1.1. Skin + Nervous System
12.2.2.2. Mesoderm
12.2.2.2.1. Everything in between
12.2.2.2.2. Solid tissue; no body cavity; aceolomate
12.2.2.3. Endoderm
12.2.2.3.1. Digestive Ststem
12.3. Body orientation
12.3.1. Anterior: Head
12.3.2. Dorsal: Back
12.3.3. Ventral: Stomach
12.3.4. Posterior: Rear
12.4. Feeding + Digestion
12.4.1. Single opening on ventral side
12.4.1.1. Food enters; solid waste leaves
12.4.2. Extend pharynx to suck in food
12.4.3. Branched digestive cavity extends length of body
12.5. Reproduction
12.5.1. Sexual
12.5.1.1. Hermaphrodites: One deposits sperm under skin of other
12.5.2. Asexual
12.5.2.1. Can regenerate lost parts; Cut one into 2 -> Both grow
12.6. Gas Exchange + Circulation
12.6.1. Diffusion
12.7. Nervous System
12.7.1. No true brain: Concentration of ganglia @ anterior end
12.7.2. Sensory Receptors: Eyespots - can sense light
12.8. Excretion
12.8.1. Flame cells (small bulb-like cilia) collect waste and excess water in ducts throughout body
12.8.2. Excretory Pores: Waste/Water leave through pores
12.9. Movement
12.9.1. Uses cilia on ventral surface for sliding
12.9.2. Muscles for twisting/turning
12.9.3. Marine (ocean dwelling)