1.1. UNESCO, Brazilian racial theory, has been effective in dismantling the myth of a non-racist national culture in which racial democracy rised and challenge the roles of elites.
1.2. Racial revisionism, to reduce race to class, depriving racial dynamics of their own significance.
1.3. Racial formation theory deals with the complexities of Brazilian racial dynamics, understands race as being historically constructed.
1.4. The black movement was a combination of the re-emergence of civil society which open a social movement activity and the politicization of racial identities upon that terrain
2. Afro-Mexicans
2.1. Organizations alluded more assertively blackness, people use the term negro in a different way. Two organizations that are important, The Center for the Investigation and Development of Black Culture and Cimarron.
2.2. Black organization compare to those in Brazil due to the Unity and the overall cause which is to look to other experiences and notions of blackness to inform their own positions.
2.3. The alliance between blacks and indigenous people has been tenuous but significant. Indians have different place that blacks do in the social order of Columbia
2.4. Black are no longer invisible, the smooth maintenance if racial inequality has been disrupted and while blackness has not entered mainstream politics.
2.5. Afro-Mexican population has been pushed to neighboring rural villages known for poverty and dark inhabitants, most blacks had no economic power.
3. Asian Immigration to Latin America
3.1. Actively promoted the importation of Chinese coolies or contract laborers to work on sugar plantations.
3.2. A new contracting system involved a free Chinese-operating as an enganchador (labor contractor or broker)who engaged and organized fellow free Chinese into gangs.
3.3. Chinese laborers were imported to Cuba and Peru to substitute for African labor that was lost with the abolition of slavery.
4. Indigenous Communities
4.1. Indigenous Mapuche Indian communities living in Southern Chile are in battle with the state as they try to reclaim their ancestral lands.
4.2. Chile's indigenous Mapuche community protested against police brutality with the children in rural communities.
4.3. The lost of land is one of the similarities that Guarani, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina have in common.
4.4. Movements such as the EZLN where the peasants and natives in Chiapas rebelled against the Mexican state and local landlords .
