1. Gender
1.1. Are Men and Women Born or Made?
1.1.1. Sex: The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction
1.1.2. Gender: The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes
1.1.3. Sexual dimorphism: The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species
1.1.4. Cultural construction of gender: The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context
1.1.5. Gender performance: The way gender identity is expressed through action
1.1.5.1. Masculine
1.1.5.2. Feminine
1.1.5.3. Transgender
1.2. Are There More Than Two Sexes?
1.2.1. Intersex: The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes
1.2.2. Cross-cultural studies demonstrate differences between sexuality and gender
1.3. Relationship between Gender and Power
1.3.1. Gender stratification: An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges
1.3.2. "I never thought of myself as a fly on the wall. Anthropology teaches us that you learn about people by participating in their lives" (Susser cited by Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 293)
1.3.3. Gender stereotypes: Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture
1.3.4. Gender ideology: A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
2. Sexuality
2.1. Sexuality: The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural
2.2. Sexuality Construction in the US
2.2.1. Heterosexuality: Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex
2.2.2. Homosexuality: Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex
2.2.3. Bisexuality: Attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes
2.2.4. Asexuality: A lack of erotic attraction to others
2.3. Sexuality and Culture
2.3.1. Culture guides and limits our sexual imagination
2.3.2. "Diamond rings, with their high symbolic value, provide insights not only into the processes of global capitalism but also into the local processes and creative strategies we use to express individual and local meaning" (Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 329)
3. Class and Inequality
3.1. Egalitarian societies: Type of structure based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence within or among people
3.2. Ranked societies: wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are, positions of high prestige are largely hereditary
3.3. Anthropologists analyze class and inequality
3.3.1. Karl Marx Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
3.3.2. Max Weber Prestige and Life Chances
3.3.3. Pierre Bourdieu Education and Social Reproduction
3.3.4. Leith Mullings Intersectionality among Race, Gender, and Class
3.3.4.1. "To put intersectionality to work, when you read a newspaper, encounter situations, or interact with people, think, 'What are the axes of stratification that affect the opportunities of the people involved?'" (Leith Mullings cited by Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 403)
3.4. What makes class and inequality largely invisible?
3.4.1. The media
3.4.2. Voluntary isolation
3.4.3. Consumer culture
4. Race and racism
4.1. Race A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups
4.1.1. How is race contructed around the worlds?
4.1.1.1. Colonialism: The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
4.1.1.2. Miscegenation: A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage
4.1.2. How is race contructed in the U.S?
4.1.2.1. White supremacy: The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races
4.1.2.2. Whiteness: A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification
4.1.2.3. Nativism: The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
4.2. Racism Individuals' thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups
4.2.1. individual racism: Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race
4.2.2. institutional racism: Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
5. Ethnicity and Nationalism
5.1. Ethnicity A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group
5.1.1. ethnic boundary marker: A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not
5.1.2. situational negotiation of identity: An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location
5.1.3. Identity entrepreneurs: Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against those whom they perceive as a danger
5.1.4. melting pot: A metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture
5.1.5. multiculturalism: A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture
5.2. Nationalism The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state
5.2.1. state: An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
5.2.2. nation-state: A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people
5.2.3. citizenship: Legal membership in a nation-state
5.2.4. imagined community: The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet
6. Anthropology in a Global Age
6.1. Anthropology is the study of the entire range of human diversity, both past and present, and the use of that knowledge to improve communication between individuals from various backgrounds.
6.2. "Anthropology is about being the best human beings we can be. Sometimes we screw up and screw up massively. but we have the potential to do better. Anthropology asks that of us and gives us the tools to make it possible." (Barker cited by Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 25)
7. Culture
7.1. Culture is a system of information, beliefs, behavioral patterns, artifacts, and institutions built, acquired, shared, and debated by a group of people.
7.2. "The ability to understand others and to negotiate in this diverse world depends crucially on the basic competencies that you learn in anthropology." (Ury cited by Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 59)
8. Language
8.1. Language is a form of communication governed by rules and using words, noises, and gestures to represent information.
8.2. "As soon as you study another language, even a little tiny bit, ... you stop being a prisoner of your own culture point of view" (Harrison cited by Guest, Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, p. 143)
9. Religion
9.1. Religion A set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in the community
9.1.1. Martyr: A person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion
9.1.2. Saint: An individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death
9.1.3. Sacred: Anything that is considered holy
9.1.4. Profane: Anything that is considered unholy
9.1.5. Ritual : An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging
9.2. Rites of Passage A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group
9.2.1. First stage: Separation of existing identity
9.2.2. Second stage: Phase of transition or liminality
9.2.2.1. Liminality: Key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community
9.2.3. Third stage: incorporation/reincorporation with new identity
9.3. Cultural materialism A theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles
9.4. Shamanism A part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings
9.5. Magic The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil
10. Global Economy
10.1. Economy: A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive
10.2. From foraging to industrial agriculture
10.2.1. Food foragers: Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat
10.2.2. pastoralism: A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals
10.2.3. horticulture: The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor
10.2.4. agriculture: An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land
10.2.5. industrial agriculture: Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs
10.3. Distribution and exchange
10.3.1. reciprocity: The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
10.3.2. leveling mechanism: Practices and organizations that reallocate resources among a group to maximize the collective good
10.4. Role of colonialism of today's global economy
10.4.1. colonialism: The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
10.4.2. triangle trade: The extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic
10.4.3. Industrial Revolution: The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing
10.5. Modern world economic system
10.5.1. modernization theories: Post–World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries
10.5.2. dependency theory: A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed
10.5.3. periphery countries: The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets