1. Health and Safety
1.1. Reformers
1.1.1. Upton Sinclair- Wrote the Jungle which exposed the lack of safety and sanitation in meat packing industries. He made people rethink employee safety and what food they were eating.
1.1.2. Alice Hamilton- A doctor who helped factory workers and teach businesses how to keep the air clean and safer, with less lead poisoning happening
1.1.3. Lillian Wald- A nurse who came up with the idea to send nurses to people who were to sick or poor to go to the hospital
1.2. Problem
1.2.1. Contaminated Food- There was no way to tell if what you're eating is safe. There were no laws or regulations on what what sold to the public
1.2.2. Lack of Healthcare- Many workers did not have any way to get help when sick. Also many factories did not know how to change the environment to keep employees safe.
1.3. Solution
1.3.1. Pure Food and Drug Act- Regulation that banned the sale of impure food and medicines.
1.3.2. Visiting Nurse Program- Nurses helped sick people at home and in schools to keep everyone healthy as best as possible.
2. Workers Rights
2.1. Reformers
2.1.1. Samuel Gompers- A strong Union leader that fought for laws that limit work hours to 8 hours. He was a leader of the Union in a factory and fought for employee rights.
2.1.2. American Federation of Labor (AFL)- Created by Samuel Gompers, many unions joined the AFL. For 30 years as president Gompers worked to make changes in workplaces. Slowly workers were able to see shorter work hours and increased wages.
2.2. Problem
2.2.1. Low Wages- Most employees could not make enough money to support their families, so their children had to work in factories too. Workers were scared to ask their bosses for pay raises because they could easily be replaced by new immigrants.
2.2.2. Long Hours- Many employees worked long hard hours in harsh working environments.
2.3. Solution
2.3.1. Labor Unions- Factory workers came together to make their jobs better. The Union could ask for better pay, shorter work days, and safer working conditions.
2.3.2. Strikes- If bosses said no to the Unions request, Union members would stop working until they got what they wanted. Employers did not like strikes, so they were usually effective for Union members.
3. Suffrage
3.1. Reformer
3.1.1. National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)- Worked to focus on getting each state to allow women to vote. In 1896 only 4 states allowed women to vote. The western success helped turn the tide in favor of women's suffrage.
3.1.2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Was the first president of NAWSA, and helped to expand women's voting rights.
3.1.3. Susan B. Anthony- Also a president of the NAWSA and helped to fight against women's sufferage and expand women's rights.
3.2. Problem
3.2.1. Right to Vote- Women were not allowed to vote. Many women fought to expand women's rights and their rights in general.
3.3. Solution
3.3.1. The 19th Amendment- In 1920, congress finally passed the 19th amendment that allowed women the right to vote. The passing of the amendment was backed by President Woodrow Wilson, helping to win WW1.
4. Prohibition
4.1. Reformers
4.1.1. Mary Hunt- Supported prohibition and promoted morality and better health.
4.1.2. Carrie Nation- Took a hatchet to saloons to preach the the evils of alcohol
4.2. Unintended Consequences
4.2.1. Bootlegger- People who made money by selling and transporting liquor illegally.
4.2.2. Speakeasies- Illegal nightclubs that sold liquor.
4.2.3. Organized Crime- In nearly every major city, criminal gangs battled for control of bootlegging operations.
4.3. Problems
4.3.1. Alcoholism- Was believed to be connected to insanity, violence, and led to poverty.
4.3.2. Immortality- Many people believed that alcohol lead to gambling and destruction of families in society
4.4. Solutions
4.4.1. 18th Amendment- Banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States. Saloons were forced to shut their doors.
4.4.2. 21st Amendment- Repealed prohibition and tried to stop the organized crime that was going on in the city
5. Poverty
5.1. Reformers
5.1.1. Jacob A. Riis- photographed slums and tenement society that shocked society when they saw the living conditions
5.1.2. Jane Addams- Created settlement houses that provided services to poor people in the community
5.2. Problem
5.2.1. Crowded Settlements- Caused crowded living environments and run down buildings. Many families were packed into rented apartments
5.2.2. Urban Slums- Neighborhoods turned unsafe, and crowded. Tenements were designed with no water, electricity, and sanitation
5.3. Solution
5.3.1. Settlement houses- In urban communities, created housing and opportunities that offered classes, child care, and work training
6. Corruption
6.1. Reformers
6.1.1. Robert M. La Follette- was the first leader of Direct Primary, where voters got to choose who was an electoral candidate
6.2. Problem
6.2.1. Political Machines- Organizations that influenced votes and controlled local governments. (ex. Tammany Hall stole enormous amounts of money from the city.)
6.3. Solution
6.3.1. Direct Primary- Voters choose candidates for the parties to run in elections. Allowed voters to propose laws, citizens to vote on proposed laws, and people to vote a government official out of office
7. Child Labor
7.1. Reformers
7.1.1. The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC)- was dedicated for ending all child labor, expose working conditions, get support for state-level child labor laws
7.1.2. Lewis Hine- photographed the work conditions for children inside factories, then published in magazines and books to
7.2. Solution
7.2.1. Compulsory Education Laws- require kids to attend school and keep young children from working dangerous jobs
8. Racism
8.1. Reformer
8.1.1. Ida B. Wells- A photographer who worked to fight against lynching and the safety of African-Americans
8.1.2. W.E.B Dubois- helped start the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which helped with controlling and ending discrimination of colored people
8.1.3. Booker T. Washington- An early leader in the effort to achieve equality. Founded the Tuskagee Institute in Alabama, he challenged segregation openly and wanted the best education for African Americans to get success
8.2. Problem
8.2.1. Jim Crow Laws- Created barriers like tests, laws, and poll taxes that made it hard or prevented blacks from voting
8.2.2. Segregation- Separated black and white people from public areas, separate schools, bus seats, waiting rooms, and restaurants.
8.3. Solution
8.3.1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- Works to end discrimination against colored people in the United States, the NAACP still works today to end racial discrimination
8.3.2. Tuskegee Institution- School that helped African-Americans learn trade and economic strength, provided the best training and instruction.
9. Conservation
9.1. Reformer
9.1.1. Theodore Roosevelt- A strong crusader who helped control how Americas natural resources were used. Also pushed for federal laws that would make businesses obey to laws for natural resources.
9.1.2. John Muir- Preserved more than 200 million acres of public land and established the first wildlife refuge
9.2. Problem
9.2.1. Losing Natural Resources- many businesses were misusing natural resources, so government tried to step in and create laws to conserve natural resources.
9.3. Solution
9.3.1. Wildlife Refuge- to protect the animals in the parks, and to preserve wildlife for many years to come
9.3.2. National Parks- Created safe spaces for animals to live in and people to visit, it preserved the nature and did not allow people to damage the area or around the outside.