1. Chapter Two
1.1. Atomic Mass
1.2. Atomic Number
1.3. Atoms Mass Number
1.4. Compound
1.5. Element
1.5.1. Oxygen
1.5.2. Carbon
1.5.3. Hydrogen
1.5.4. Nitrogen
1.6. Three subatomic particles
1.6.1. Protons
1.6.2. Electrons
1.6.3. Neutrons
1.7. Trace Element
1.8. Electron Shells
1.9. Covalent Bond
1.10. Molecule
1.11. Electronegativity
1.12. Ionic Bond
1.13. Chemical Reaction
2. Chapter Six
2.1. Alcohol Fermentation
2.2. Cellular Poisions
2.3. Cellular Repiration
2.3.1. Stage 1
2.3.2. Stage 2
2.3.3. Stage 3
2.4. Citric Acid Cycle
2.5. Fermentation
2.6. Glycolysis
2.6.1. Steps 1-4
2.6.2. Steps 5-9
2.7. Kilocalorie
2.8. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2.9. Oxidation Phosphorylation
2.10. Redox Reactions
2.11. Substrate Level Phosphorlyation
3. Chapter Three
3.1. Organic Compounds
3.2. Hydrocarbons
3.3. Isomers
3.4. Hydrophyillic
3.5. Functional Grouos
3.5.1. Carbonyl Group
3.5.2. Amino Group
3.5.3. Phosphate Group
3.5.4. Carboxyl Group
3.5.5. Hydroxyl Group
3.6. Four classes of molecules
3.6.1. Carbohydrates
3.6.2. Proteins
3.6.2.1. Amino Acids
3.6.2.2. Denaturation
3.6.2.3. Four levels of Structure
3.6.2.3.1. Primary structure
3.6.2.3.2. Secondary structure
3.6.2.3.3. Tertiary structure
3.6.2.3.4. Quaternary structure
3.6.3. Lipids
3.6.3.1. Fats
3.6.3.2. Phospholipids
3.6.3.3. Steroids
3.6.3.3.1. Cholesterol
3.6.3.3.2. Anabolic Steroids
3.6.4. Nucleic Acids
4. Chapter Seven
4.1. Autotrophs
4.2. Heterotrophs
4.3. Photosynthesis
4.3.1. The Light Reaction
4.3.2. Calvin Cycle
4.4. Chlorophyll
4.5. Chloroplast
4.5.1. Stroma
4.5.2. Thylakoids
4.6. Stomata
4.7. Photon
4.8. Wavelength
4.9. Chlorophyll A
4.10. Photosytem I
4.11. C3 Plants
4.12. C4 Plants
4.13. CAM Plants
4.14. Photophosphorylation
4.15. Photosystem II
4.16. Greenhouse Effect
4.17. Global Climate Change
5. Chapter Four
5.1. Cell Theory
5.2. Centrioles
5.3. Chloroplast
5.3.1. Stroma
5.3.2. Thylakoids
5.3.3. Granum
5.4. Chromatin
5.5. Chromosomes
5.6. Cilia
5.7. Cytoplasm
5.8. Cytoskeleton
5.9. Electron microscope (EM)
5.10. Endomembrane System
5.11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5.11.1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
5.11.2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
5.11.2.1. Glycoprotein
5.11.2.2. Transport Vesicle
5.12. Endosymbiont Theory
5.13. Eukaryotic Cells
5.13.1. Organelles
5.13.2. Cellular metabolism
5.14. Extracellular Matrix
5.15. Flagella
5.16. Golgi Apparatus
5.17. Integrins
5.18. Intermediate filaments
5.19. Microfilaments
5.20. Mintrotubules
5.21. Mitochondria
5.21.1. Mitochondria Matrix
5.21.2. Cristae
5.22. Nucleoid
5.23. Nucleus
5.24. Peroxisomes
5.25. Plasmodesmate
5.26. Ribosomes
5.27. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM)
5.28. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
5.29. Vacuoles
5.29.1. Central Vacuoles
5.30. Vesicles
6. Chapter Eleven
6.1. Control of Gene Expression
6.1.1. Gene Regulation
6.1.2. Gene Expression
6.1.3. Promotor
6.1.4. Operator
6.1.5. Operon
6.1.6. Repressor
6.1.7. Regulatory Gene
6.1.8. Activators
6.1.9. Differentiation
6.1.10. Histones
6.1.11. Nucleosome
6.1.12. Epigenetic Inheritance
6.1.13. X Chromosome Inactivation
6.1.14. Barr Body
6.1.15. Transcription Factors
6.1.15.1. Enhancers
6.1.15.2. Silencers
6.1.16. Alternative RNA Splicing
6.1.17. MicroRNAs or miRNAs
6.1.18. RNA Inheritance or RNAi
6.1.19. Homeotic Gene
6.1.20. DNA Microarray
6.1.21. Signal Transduction Pathway
6.2. Cloning of Plants and Animals
6.2.1. Clone
6.2.2. Regeneration
6.2.3. Nuclear Transplantation
6.2.4. Reproductive Cloning
6.2.5. Embryonic Stem Cells
6.2.6. Therapeutic Cloning
6.2.7. Adult Stem Cells
6.3. The Genetic Basis of Cancer
6.3.1. Oncogene
6.3.2. Proto-Oncogene
6.3.3. Tumor-Suppressor Genes
6.3.4. Carcinogens
7. Chapter Twelve
7.1. Gene Cloning
7.1.1. Biotechnology
7.1.2. DNA Technology
7.1.3. Recombinant DNA
7.1.4. Genetic Engineering
7.1.5. Plasmids
7.1.6. Vector
7.1.7. DNA Ligase
7.1.8. Clone
7.1.9. Restriction Enzymes
7.1.10. Restriction Site
7.1.11. Restriction Fragments
7.1.12. Genomic Library
7.1.13. Reverse Transcriptase
7.1.14. Complementary DNA or cDNA
7.1.15. Nucleic Acid Probe
7.2. Genetically Modified Organisms
7.2.1. Vaccines
7.2.2. Transgenic Organism
7.2.3. Ti Plasmids
7.2.4. Gene Therapy
7.3. DNA Profiling
7.3.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.3.2. Primers
7.3.3. Gel Electrophoresis
7.3.4. Repetitive DNA
7.3.5. Short Tandem Repeat
7.3.6. STR Analysis
7.3.7. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
7.3.8. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
7.4. Genomics
7.4.1. Human Genome Project
7.4.2. Telomeres
7.4.3. Transposable Elements
7.4.4. Whole-Genome Shotgun Method
7.4.5. Proteomics
8. Chapter One
8.1. Properties of Life
8.1.1. Order
8.1.2. Reproduction
8.1.3. Growth and Development
8.1.4. Energy Processing
8.1.5. Response to Environment
8.1.6. Regulation
8.1.7. Evolutionary Adaption
8.2. Biological Organization
8.2.1. Biosphere
8.2.2. Ecosystem
8.2.3. Community
8.2.4. Population
8.2.5. Organism
8.2.6. Organ System
8.2.7. Organ
8.2.8. Tissue
8.2.9. Cell
8.2.9.1. Prokaryotic Cells
8.2.9.2. Eukaryotic Cells
8.2.10. Organelle
8.2.11. Molecule
8.3. Diversity of Life
8.3.1. Bacteria
8.3.2. Archaea
8.3.3. Eukarya
8.4. Genes
8.5. Natural Selection
9. Chapter Eight
9.1. Cell Division and Reproduction
9.1.1. Cell Division
9.1.2. Chromosomes
9.1.3. Asexual Reproduction
9.1.4. Sexual Reproduction
9.1.5. Binary Fission
9.2. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
9.2.1. Chromatin
9.2.2. Sister Chromatids
9.2.3. Centromere
9.2.4. Cell Cycle
9.2.5. The Mitotic Phase
9.2.6. Mitosis
9.2.6.1. Interphase
9.2.6.2. Prophase
9.2.6.3. Prometaphase
9.2.6.4. Metaphase
9.2.6.5. Anaphase
9.2.6.6. Telophase
9.2.6.7. Cytokinesis
9.2.7. Mitotic Spindle
9.2.8. Centrosomes
9.2.9. Cleavage Furrow
9.2.10. Cell Plate
9.2.11. Growth Factor
9.2.12. Density-Dependent Inhibition
9.2.13. Anchorage Dependence
9.2.14. Cell Cycle Control System
9.2.15. Tumor
9.2.15.1. Benign Tumor
9.2.15.2. Malignant Tumor
9.2.16. Cancer
9.2.16.1. Metastatis
9.2.16.2. Carcinomas
9.2.16.3. Sarcomas
9.2.16.4. Leukemias
9.2.16.5. Lymphomas
9.3. Meiosis and Crossing Over
9.3.1. Somatic Cell
9.3.2. Homologous Chromosomes
9.3.2.1. Autosomes
9.3.3. Locus
9.3.4. Sex Chromosomes
9.3.5. Life Cycle
9.3.6. Diploid
9.3.7. Gametes
9.3.8. Haploid
9.3.9. Fertilization
9.3.10. Zygote
9.3.11. Meiosis
9.3.11.1. Interphase
9.3.11.2. Prophase
9.3.11.3. Metaphase
9.3.11.4. Anaphase
9.3.11.5. Telophase
9.3.11.6. Cytokinesis
9.3.12. Tetrads
9.3.13. Crossing Over
9.3.14. Chiasma
9.3.15. Genetic Recombination
9.4. Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
9.4.1. Deletion
9.4.2. Duplication
9.4.3. Inversion
9.4.4. Translocation
10. Chapter Five
10.1. Membrane Structure and Function
10.1.1. Fluid Mosaic
10.1.2. Selective Permeability
10.1.3. Diffusion
10.1.4. Concentration Gradient
10.1.5. Passive Transport
10.1.6. Osmosis
10.1.7. Tonicity
10.1.8. Isotonic
10.1.9. Hypotonic
10.1.10. Hypertonic
10.1.11. Osmoregulation
10.1.12. Facilitated Diffusion
10.1.12.1. Aquaporin
10.1.13. Active Transport
10.1.14. Exocytosis
10.1.15. Endocytosis
10.1.16. Phagocytosis
10.1.17. Pinocytosis
10.1.18. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
10.2. Energy and the Cell
10.2.1. Energy
10.2.1.1. Kinetic Energy
10.2.1.2. Potential Energy
10.2.1.3. Chemical Energy
10.2.2. Heat
10.2.3. Thermodynamics
10.2.3.1. First Law of Thermodynamics
10.2.3.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.2.4. Entropy
10.2.5. Cellular Respiration
10.2.6. Exergonic Reaction
10.2.7. Endergonic Reaction
10.2.8. Metabolism
10.2.9. Metabolic Pathway
10.2.10. Energy Coupling
10.2.11. ATP
10.2.12. Phosphorylation
10.3. How Ezymes Function
10.3.1. Activation Energy
10.3.2. Enzymes
10.3.3. Substrate
10.3.4. Active Site
10.3.5. Induced Fit
10.3.6. Cofactors
10.3.7. Coenzyme
10.3.8. Competitive Inhibitor
10.3.9. Noncompetitive Inhibitor
10.3.10. Feedback Inhibition
11. Chapter Nine
11.1. Mendel's Laws
11.1.1. Heredity
11.1.2. Genetics
11.1.3. Character
11.1.4. Trait
11.1.5. Self-Fertilize
11.1.6. Cross Fertilization
11.1.7. True-Breeding
11.1.8. Hybrids
11.1.8.1. Cross
11.1.9. P Generation
11.1.10. F1 Generation
11.1.11. F2 Generation
11.1.12. Monohybrid Cross
11.1.13. Alleles
11.1.14. Homozygous
11.1.15. Heterozygous
11.1.16. Dominant
11.1.17. Recessive
11.1.18. Law of Segregation
11.1.19. Punnet Square
11.1.20. Phenotype
11.1.21. Genotype
11.1.22. Locus
11.1.23. Dihybrid Cross
11.1.24. Law of Independent Assortment
11.1.25. Testcross
11.1.26. Rule of Multiplication
11.1.27. Rule of Addition
11.1.28. Wild-Type Traits
11.1.29. Pedigree
11.1.30. Carriers
11.1.31. Cystic Fibrosis
11.1.32. Inbreeding
11.1.33. Achondroplasia
11.1.34. Huntington's Disease
11.2. Variations on Mendel's Laws
11.2.1. Complete Dominance
11.2.2. Incomplete Dominance
11.2.3. ABO Blood Group
11.2.4. Codominant
11.2.5. Pleiotropy
11.2.6. Sickle-Cell Disease
11.2.7. Polygenic Inheritance
11.3. The Chromosomal Basis of Inhertance
11.3.1. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
11.3.2. Linked Genes
11.3.3. Recombination Frequency
11.3.4. Linkage Map
11.4. Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
11.4.1. Sex Chromosomes
11.4.2. Sex-Linked Genes
12. Chapter Ten
12.1. The Structure of the Genetic Material
12.1.1. Molecular Biology
12.1.2. Bacteriophages
12.1.2.1. Phages
12.1.3. Nucleotides
12.1.4. Polynucleotides
12.1.5. Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
12.1.6. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
12.1.7. Thymine
12.1.8. Cytosine
12.1.9. Adenine
12.1.10. Guanine
12.1.11. Uracil
12.1.12. Double Helix
12.2. DNA Replication
12.2.1. Semiconservative Model
12.2.2. DNA Polymerases
12.2.3. DNA Ligase
12.3. The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
12.3.1. Transcription
12.3.2. Translation
12.3.3. Triplet Code
12.3.4. Codons
12.3.4.1. Anticodons
12.3.4.2. Start Codon
12.3.4.3. Stop Codon
12.3.5. Genetic Code
12.3.6. RNA Polymerase
12.3.7. Promoter
12.3.8. Terminator
12.3.9. Messenger RNA
12.3.10. Introns
12.3.11. Exons
12.3.12. RNA Splicing
12.3.13. Transfer RNA
12.3.14. Ribosomes
12.3.15. Ribosomal RNA
12.3.16. P Site
12.3.17. A Site
12.3.18. Translocation
12.3.19. Mutation
12.3.19.1. Silent Mutation
12.3.19.2. Missesne Mutation
12.3.19.3. Nonsesne Mutation
12.3.20. Reading Frame
12.3.21. Mutagenesis
12.3.22. Mutagens
12.4. The Genetic of Viruses and Bacteria
12.4.1. Virus
12.4.2. Capsid
12.4.3. Lytic Cycle
12.4.4. Lysogenic Cycle
12.4.5. Prophage
12.4.6. AIDS
12.4.7. HIV
12.4.8. Reverse Transcriptase
12.4.9. Retroviruses
12.4.10. Viroids
12.4.11. Prions
12.4.12. Transformation
12.4.13. Transduction
12.4.14. Conjugation
12.4.15. F Factor
12.4.16. Plasmid
12.4.16.1. R Plasmids