1. Chapter Three
1.1. Organic Compounds
1.1.1. Hydrocarbons
1.1.2. Carbon Skeleton
1.1.3. Isomers
1.1.4. The Six Chemical Groups Important in the Chemistry of Life
1.1.4.1. Hydroxyl Group
1.1.4.2. Carbonyl Group
1.1.4.3. Carboxyl Group
1.1.4.4. Amino Group
1.1.4.5. Phosphate Group
1.1.4.6. Methyl Group
1.2. Macromolecules
1.2.1. Polymers
1.2.2. Monomers
1.2.3. Dehydration Reaction
1.2.4. Hydrolysis
1.2.5. Enzymes
1.3. Carbohydrates
1.3.1. Monosaccharides
1.3.2. Disaccharide
1.3.3. Polysaccharides
1.3.4. Starch
1.3.5. Glycogen
1.3.6. Cellulose
1.3.7. Chitin
1.4. Lipids
1.4.1. Hydrophobic
1.4.2. Fat
1.4.2.1. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1.4.2.2. Saturated Fatty Acids
1.4.2.3. Trans Fats
1.4.3. Phosphlipids
1.4.4. Steroids
1.4.4.1. Anabolic Steroids
1.4.5. Cholesterol
1.5. Proteins
1.5.1. Amino Acids
1.5.2. Peptide Bond
1.5.3. Poypeptide
1.5.4. Denaturation
1.5.5. Primary Structure
1.5.6. Secondary Structure
1.5.7. Tertiary Structure
1.5.8. Quarternary Structure
1.6. Nucleic Acids
1.6.1. Gene
1.6.2. DNA
1.6.3. RNA
1.6.4. Nucleotides
1.6.5. Double Helix
2. Chapter Four
2.1. The Cell
2.1.1. Plasma Membrane
2.1.2. Prokaryotic Cells
2.1.3. Eukaryotic Cells
2.1.4. Chromosomes
2.1.5. Ribosomes
2.1.6. Cytoplasm
2.1.7. Nucleoid
2.1.8. Flagella
2.1.9. Organelles
2.1.10. Cellular Metabolism
2.2. Nucleus and Ribosomes
2.2.1. Nucleus
2.2.2. Chromatin
2.2.3. Nuclear Envelope
2.2.4. Nucleolus
2.3. The Endomembrane System
2.3.1. Vesicles
2.3.2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2.3.2.1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
2.3.2.2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2.3.3. Glycoprotein
2.3.4. Transport Vesicle
2.3.5. Golgi Apparatus
2.3.6. Lysosome
2.3.7. Vacuoles
2.3.7.1. Central Vacuole
2.3.8. Peroxisomes
2.4. Energy-Converting Organelles
2.4.1. Mitochondria
2.4.2. Mitochondrial Matrix
2.4.3. Cristae
2.4.4. Chloroplasts
2.4.4.1. Stroma
2.4.4.2. Thylakoids
2.4.4.3. Granum
2.4.5. Endosymbiont Theory
2.5. Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces
2.5.1. Cytoskeleton
2.5.2. Microfilaments
2.5.3. Intermediate Filaments
2.5.4. Microtubules
2.5.5. Centrioles
2.5.6. Cilia
2.5.7. Extracellular Matrix
2.5.8. Integrins
2.5.9. Cell Wall
2.5.10. Plasmodesmata
3. Chapter Five
3.1. Membrane Structure and Function
3.1.1. Fluid Mosaic
3.1.2. Selective Permeability
3.1.3. Diffusion
3.1.4. Concentration Gradient
3.1.5. Passive Transport
3.1.6. Osmosis
3.1.7. Tonicity
3.1.8. Isotonic
3.1.9. Hypotonic
3.1.10. Hypertonic
3.1.11. Facilitated Diffusion
3.1.12. Aquaporin
3.1.13. Active Transport
3.1.14. Exocytosis
3.1.15. Endocytosis
3.1.16. Phagocytosis
3.1.17. Pinocytosis
3.1.18. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
3.2. Energy and the Cell
3.2.1. Energy
3.2.1.1. Kinetic Energy
3.2.1.2. Potential Energy
3.2.1.3. Chemical Energy
3.2.2. Heat
3.2.3. Thermodynamics
3.2.3.1. First Law of Thermodynamics
3.2.3.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
3.2.4. Entropy
3.2.5. Cellular Respiration
3.2.6. Exergonic Reaction
3.2.7. Endergonic Reaction
3.2.8. Metabolism
3.2.9. Metabolic Pathway
3.2.10. Energy Coupling
3.2.11. Phosphorylation
3.3. How Enzymes Function
3.3.1. Activation Energy
3.3.2. Substrate
3.3.3. Active Site
3.3.4. Induced Fit
3.3.5. Cofactors
3.3.6. Coenzyme
3.3.7. Competitive Inhibitor
3.3.8. Noncompetitive Inhibitor
3.3.9. Feedback Inhibition
4. Chapter Six
4.1. Cellular Respiration
4.1.1. Kilocalories
4.1.2. Redox Reaction
4.1.3. Oxidation
4.1.4. Reduction
4.1.5. NAD+
4.1.6. Electron Transport Chain
4.2. Stages of Cellular Respiration
4.2.1. Glycolysis
4.2.2. Citric Acid Cycle
4.2.3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
4.2.4. Chemiosmosis
4.2.5. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
4.2.6. Intermediates
4.2.7. Acetyl CoA
4.2.8. ATP Synthase
4.3. Fermentation
4.3.1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
4.3.2. Alcohol Fermentation
5. Chapter Ten
5.1. The Structure of the Genetic Material
5.1.1. Molecular Biology
5.1.2. Bacteriophages
5.1.2.1. Phages
5.1.3. Nucleotides
5.1.4. Polynecleotide
5.1.5. Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
5.1.6. DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
5.1.7. Thymine
5.1.8. Cytosine
5.1.9. Adenine
5.1.10. Guanine
5.1.11. Uracil
5.1.12. Double Helix
5.2. DNA Replication
5.2.1. Semiconservative Model
5.2.2. DNA Polymerases
5.2.3. DNA Ligase
5.3. The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
5.3.1. Transcription
5.3.2. Translation
5.3.3. Triplet Code
5.3.4. Codons
5.3.4.1. Anitcodon
5.3.4.2. Start Codon
5.3.4.3. Stop Codon
5.3.5. Genetic Code
5.3.6. RNA Polymerase
5.3.7. Promoter
5.3.8. Terminator
5.3.9. Messenger RNA
5.3.10. Introns
5.3.11. Exons
5.3.12. RNA Splicing
5.3.13. Transfer RNA
5.3.14. Ribosomes
5.3.15. Ribosomal RNA
5.3.16. P Site
5.3.17. A Site
5.3.18. Translocation
5.3.19. Mutation
5.3.19.1. Silent Mutation
5.3.19.2. Missense Mutations
5.3.19.3. Nonsense Mutations
5.3.20. Reading Frame
5.3.21. Mutagenesis
5.3.22. Mutagens
5.4. The Genetic of Viruses and Bacteria
5.4.1. Virus
5.4.2. Capsid
5.4.3. Lytic Cycle
5.4.4. Lysogenic Cycle
5.4.5. Prophage
5.4.6. AIDS
5.4.7. HIV
5.4.8. Reverse Transcriptase
5.4.9. Retroviruses
5.4.10. Viroids
5.4.11. Prions
5.4.12. Transformation
5.4.13. Transduction
5.4.14. Conjugation
5.4.15. F Factor
5.4.16. Plasmid
5.4.16.1. R Plasmids
6. Chapter One
6.1. The Seven Properties and Process of Life
6.1.1. Order
6.1.2. Reproduction
6.1.3. Growth and Development
6.1.4. Energy Processing
6.1.5. Response to the Environment
6.1.6. Regulation
6.1.7. Evolutionary Adaption
6.2. Hierarchy of Organization
6.2.1. Biosphere
6.2.2. Ecosystem
6.2.3. Community
6.2.4. Population
6.2.5. Organism
6.2.6. Organ System
6.2.7. Organ
6.2.8. Tissue
6.2.9. Cell
6.2.9.1. Prokaryotic Cells
6.2.9.2. Eukaryotic Cells
6.2.10. Organelle
6.2.11. Molecule
6.3. The Three Domains of Life
6.3.1. Domain Bacteria
6.3.2. Domain Archaea
6.3.3. Domain Eukarya
6.4. The Process of Science
6.4.1. Inductive Reasoning
6.4.2. Hypothesis
6.4.3. Deductive Reasoning
6.4.4. Theory
7. Chapter Two
7.1. Subatomic Particles
7.1.1. Proton
7.1.2. Electron
7.1.3. Neutron
7.1.4. Nucleus
7.2. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
7.2.1. Atomic Number
7.2.2. Mass Number
7.2.3. Atomic Mass
7.3. Isotopes
7.3.1. Radioactive Isotopes
7.4. Chemical Bonds
7.4.1. Covalent Bonds
7.4.2. Electronegativity
7.4.3. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
7.4.4. Polar Covalent Bonds
7.4.5. Hydrogen Bonds
7.5. Water's Properties
7.5.1. Cohesion
7.5.2. Adhesion
7.5.3. Surface Tension
7.5.4. Heat
7.5.5. Temperature
7.5.6. Evaporative Cooling
8. Chapter Seven
8.1. Photosynthesis
8.1.1. Autotrohps
8.1.2. Heterotrophs
8.1.3. Chlorophyll
8.1.3.1. Chlorophyll a
8.1.4. Mesophyll
8.1.5. Stomata
8.1.6. Stroma
8.1.7. Thylakoids
8.1.8. Grana
8.1.9. NADP+
8.1.10. Carbon Fixation
8.1.11. Greenhouse Effect
8.1.12. Global Climate Change
8.2. The Light Reactions
8.2.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
8.2.2. Wavelength
8.2.3. Photon
8.2.4. Photosystem
8.2.5. Photophosphorylation
8.3. The Calvin Cycle
8.3.1. C3 Plants
8.3.2. Photorespiration
8.3.3. C4 Plants
8.3.4. CAM Plants
9. Chapter Eight
9.1. Cell Division and Reproduction
9.1.1. Cell Division
9.1.2. Chromosomes
9.1.3. Asexual Reproduction
9.1.4. Sexual Reproduction
9.1.5. Binary Fission
9.2. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
9.2.1. Chromatin
9.2.2. Sister Chromatids
9.2.3. Centromere
9.2.4. Cell Cycle
9.2.5. Mitotic Phase
9.2.6. Mitosis
9.2.6.1. Interphase
9.2.6.2. Prophase
9.2.6.3. Prometaphase
9.2.6.4. Metaphase
9.2.6.5. Anaphase
9.2.6.6. Telophase
9.2.6.7. Cytokinesis
9.2.7. Mitotic Spindle
9.2.8. Centrosomes
9.2.9. Cleavage Furrow
9.2.10. Cell Plate
9.2.11. Growth Factor
9.2.12. Density-Dependent Inhibition
9.2.13. Anchorage Dependence
9.2.14. Cell Cycle Control System
9.2.15. Tumor
9.2.15.1. Benign Tumor
9.2.15.2. Malignant Tumor
9.2.16. Cancer
9.2.16.1. Metastasis
9.2.16.2. Carcinoma
9.2.16.3. Sarcomas
9.2.16.4. Leukemias
9.2.16.5. Lymphomas
9.3. Meiosis and Crossing Over
9.3.1. Somatic Cell
9.3.2. Homologous Chromosomes
9.3.3. Locus
9.3.4. Sex Chromosomes
9.3.5. Autosomes
9.3.6. Life Cycle
9.3.7. Diploid
9.3.8. Gametes
9.3.9. Haploid
9.3.10. Fertilization
9.3.11. Zygote
9.3.12. Meiosis
9.3.12.1. Interphase
9.3.12.2. Prophase
9.3.12.3. Metaphase
9.3.12.4. Anaphase
9.3.12.5. Telophase
9.3.12.6. Cytokinesis
9.3.13. Tetrads
9.3.14. Crossing Over
9.3.15. Chiasma
9.3.16. Genetic Recombination
9.4. Alterations of Chromosome Structure
9.4.1. Deletion
9.4.2. Duplication
9.4.3. Inversion
9.4.4. Translocation
10. Chapter Nine
10.1. Mendel's Laws
10.1.1. Heredity
10.1.2. Genetics
10.1.3. Character
10.1.4. Trait
10.1.5. Self-Fertilize
10.1.6. Cross-Fertilization
10.1.7. Hybrids
10.1.7.1. Cross
10.1.8. P Generation
10.1.9. F1 Generation
10.1.10. F2 Generation
10.1.11. Monohybrid Cross
10.1.12. Alleles
10.1.13. Homozygous
10.1.14. Heterozygous
10.1.15. Dominant Allele
10.1.16. Recessive Allele
10.1.17. Law of Segregation
10.1.18. Punnet Square
10.1.19. Phenotype
10.1.20. Genotype
10.1.21. Locus
10.1.22. Dihybrid Cross
10.1.23. Law of Independent Assortment
10.1.24. Testcross
10.1.25. Rule of Multiplication
10.1.26. Rule of Addition
10.1.27. Wild-Type Trait
10.1.28. Pedigree
10.1.29. Carriers
10.1.30. Cystic Fibrosis
10.1.31. Inbreeding
10.1.32. Achondroplasia
10.1.33. Huntington's Disease
10.2. Variations on Mendel's Laws
10.2.1. Complete Dominance
10.2.2. Incomplete Dominance
10.2.3. ABO Blood Group
10.2.4. Codominant
10.2.5. Pleiotropy
10.2.6. Sickle-Cell Disease
10.2.7. Polygenic Inheritance
10.3. The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
10.3.1. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
10.3.2. Linked Genes
10.3.3. Recombination Frequency
10.3.4. Linkage Map
10.4. Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
10.4.1. Sex Chromosomes
10.4.2. Sex-Linked Gene
11. Chapter Eleven
11.1. Control of Gene Expression
11.1.1. Gene Regulation
11.1.2. Gene Expression
11.1.3. Promotor
11.1.4. Operator
11.1.5. Operon
11.1.6. Repressor
11.1.7. Regulatory Gene
11.1.8. Activators
11.1.9. Differentiation
11.1.10. Histones
11.1.11. Nucleosome
11.1.12. Epigenetic Inheritance
11.1.13. X Chromosome Inactivation
11.1.14. Barr Body
11.1.15. Transcription Factors
11.1.15.1. Enhancers
11.1.15.2. Silencers
11.1.16. Alternative RNA Splicing
11.1.17. MicroRNAs or miRNAs
11.1.18. RNA Interference or RNAi
11.1.19. Homeotic Gene
11.1.20. DNA Microarray
11.1.21. Signal Transduction Pathway
11.2. Cloning of Plants and Animals
11.2.1. Clone
11.2.2. Regeneration
11.2.3. Nuclear Transplantation
11.2.4. Reproductive Cloning
11.2.5. Embryonic Stem Cells
11.2.6. Therapeutic Cloning
11.2.7. Adult Stem Cells
11.3. The Genetic Basis of Cancer
11.3.1. Oncogene
11.3.2. Proto-Oncogene
11.3.3. Tumor-Suppressor Genes
11.3.4. Carcinogens
12. Chapter Twelve
12.1. Gene Cloning
12.1.1. Biotechnology
12.1.2. DNA Technology
12.1.3. Recombinant DNA
12.1.4. Genetic Engineering
12.1.5. Plasmids
12.1.6. Vector
12.1.7. DNA Ligase
12.1.8. Clone
12.1.9. Restriction Enzymes
12.1.10. Restriction Site
12.1.11. Restriction Fragments
12.1.12. Genomic Library
12.1.13. Reverse Transcriptase
12.1.14. Complementary DNA or cDNA
12.1.15. Nucleic Acid Probe
12.2. Genetically Modified Organisms
12.2.1. Vaccines
12.2.2. Transgenic Organism
12.2.3. Ti Plasmids
12.2.4. Gene Therapy
12.3. DNA Profiling
12.3.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
12.3.2. Primers
12.3.3. Gel Electrophoresis
12.3.4. Repetitive DNA
12.3.5. Short Tandem Repeat
12.3.6. STR Analysis
12.3.7. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
12.3.8. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
12.4. Genomics
12.4.1. Human Genome Project
12.4.2. Telomeres
12.4.3. Transposable Elements
12.4.4. Whole-Genome Shotgun Method
12.4.5. Proteomics