1. Racial Ideas and Social Policy in Brazil, 1870-1940
1.1. Brazil had more slaves than any other country during this time.
1.2. The article states that "Brazilian intellectuals picked up racist ideas from abroad".
1.3. The Brazilian elite thought that the "Whitening Ideal" was an upgrade to the Brazilian population, it was a form of classic liberalism.
1.4. Gilberto Freyre was an anthropologist/sociologist who made his reputation on optimistic interpretations of the national character that depended on a positive interpretation of the history of miscegenation in Brazil. His greatest impact was the publication of Casa grande e senzala (The Masters and the Slaves) in 1933.
2. Race in Argentina and Cuba, 1880-1930
2.1. This essay describes how the Argentinians became a new version of the European.
2.2. During this time there was a lot of focus on the segregation of colored people.
2.3. During the 1800's Indians and Blacks were insignificant minorities and immigration turned into an issue.
2.4. Most of Argentina's indians had been killed or were forced into slavery in the 1890s.
3. Impact of the French and & Haitian Revolution
3.1. Between 1791 and 1804 the "pearl of Antilles " was destroyed by revolution and civil war, ignited by the French Revolution.
3.2. During 1780's a French colony named Saint- Domingue was the main center of the slave system.
3.3. In April 1792 Paris decreed full equal rights for all free blacks and mulattoes in French Colonies and in 1794 the French emancipation decree was a crucial precedent.
3.4. Saint Domingue produced more than half the world's coffee mainly with just slaves and land owned by the free color people and in 1787 this same French Colony exported almost as much sugar as Jamiaca, Cuba and Brazil combined.
3.5. Frederick Douglas writes about Haiti's freedom, "was not given as a boon, but conquered as a right! Her people fought for it. They suffered for it, and thousands of them endured the most horrible tortures and perished for it." In simplest terms, there had to be war because freedom was fought for, not given.
4. Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940
4.1. Europeans traits were of Indian origin.
4.2. Knight talks about how "racism, buttressed by racial theories, became stronger in the course of the 19th century."
4.3. The term " Indian" has no meaning because Spanish blood created a new race which was called "Mestizos.
4.4. Porfirio Diaz was a dictator who influenced Porfirian thinkers that were profoundly influenced by social Darwinism.
