1. Gangways should be on each side of structure
2. Handrails, staircases, exit ways, passageways, gangways and barriers should comply with legal and other requirements
3. Gangways should not be less than 1.2m in width
4. 600mm deep (without backrest)
5. Types of Grandstands
5.1. Grandstands
5.1.1. larger
5.1.2. complex seating system
5.1.3. basic bench seating
5.1.4. multi-tiered
5.1.5. can feature a covered bandstand
5.2. Stadium Bleachers
5.2.1. smaller
5.2.2. basic
5.2.3. versatile
5.2.4. raised tiered rows of benches
5.3. Arena Bleachers
5.3.1. hockey rinks
5.3.2. galvanized steel framework
5.3.3. variety of seating options
5.4. Telescopic Pool Bleachers
5.4.1. galvanized steel
5.4.2. resistant to high humidity
5.4.3. durable
5.4.4. versatile
5.4.5. easily expanded
5.5. Transportable Bleachers
5.5.1. versatile
5.5.2. can be hitched for transportation
5.5.3. standard permanent angle frame bleachers
5.6. Tip & Roll Bleachers
5.6.1. indoor auxiliary seating
5.6.2. non-marring rubber foot pads
5.6.3. lightweight aluminium
5.6.4. swivel casters for movement
6. Spectators' Seats
6.1. Chairs
6.1.1. Premium seat
6.1.1.1. Contoured seats
6.1.1.2. Supportive seat backs
6.1.1.3. Fitted with armrest
6.2. Bleachers
6.2.1. Advantages
6.2.1.1. Inexpensive
6.2.1.2. Accommodate many spectators
6.2.2. Disadvantages
6.2.2.1. Uncomfortable
6.2.2.2. Less popular
6.3. Folding chairs
6.3.1. Floor Mounted
6.3.2. Riser Mounted
6.4. Spectator Seat Area
6.4.1. 700mm deep (with backrest)
6.4.2. 500mm wide (with arm rest)
6.4.3. 350mm wide (without arm rest)
6.4.4. Unobstructed space of 300mm between seats
7. Design Considerations
7.1. Considered by the designer when assessing stability & associated redundancy
7.2. Free from obstruction for gangway, exit way & passage
7.3. Exit ways > 2.4m in width @ each side of structure
7.4. Meet the safety standards of permanent structures. No part of the structure shall be built over water
7.5. Adequately braced to resist wind loads & other dynamic loads & shall be maintained
8. Evenly distributed exits from a structure to evacuate it in an emergency without endangering the lives of spectators.
9. Materials
9.1. Small Seating Structures
9.1.1. Scaffolding
9.2. Made from
9.2.1. Steel
9.2.2. Aluminium
9.2.3. Plywood
9.2.4. Textiles, paints
9.2.5. Plastic components
9.3. Large Seating Structures
9.3.1. standard prefabricated components
10. Design Principles
10.1. Depends on
10.1.1. No. of spectator seating planned for
10.1.2. Seating requirement and arrangement
10.1.3. Seating areas, walkway/ gangway requirements
10.1.4. Any special equipment
10.2. Required a seating place
10.2.1. provide a minimum viewing standard
10.2.2. sufficient level of safety for the spectator body
10.3. Spectator deck
10.3.1. safe ingress and egress of spectators.
10.4. Barriers
10.4.1. perimeter of the structure
10.4.2. protection against falling.
10.5. Supporting structure
10.5.1. resist the static and dynamic forces