CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURE and BONDING

1. Atomic Structure

1.1. Nucleus

1.1.1. Inside the nucleus

1.1.1.1. Neutrons

1.1.1.2. Electrons

1.1.1.3. Protons

1.1.2. Atomic number

1.1.2.1. isotopes

1.1.3. Mass number

1.2. Orbitals

1.2.1. Kinds of Orbitals

1.2.1.1. S orbital

1.2.1.2. P orbital

1.2.1.3. D orbital

1.2.1.4. F orbital

1.2.2. Electron shells

1.3. Electron Configuration

1.3.1. Aufbau principle

1.3.2. Pauli extension

1.3.3. Hund's Rule

2. sp3 hybrid orbitals and the structure of methane

2.1. 1931

2.1.1. Linus Pauling

2.1.1.1. sp3 hybrid orbitals

2.2. bond angles

3. Drawing Chemical Structures

3.1. condensed structures

3.1.1. skeletal structures

4. Development of Chemical Bonding Theory

4.1. 1858

4.1.1. August Kekule and Archibald Couper

4.1.1.1. carbon is tetravalent

4.2. 1916

4.2.1. G.N Lewis

4.2.1.1. covalent bond

4.2.1.1.1. molecule

4.3. Electron dot structures

4.4. Line bond structure

4.5. Lone pair electrons

5. sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane

5.1. carbon-carbon bond

6. sp2 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene

6.1. pi bond

7. Valence Bond Theory

7.1. sigma bonds

7.2. bond strength

7.3. bond length

8. sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene

8.1. sp hybrid

9. Hybridization of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

10. Describing Chemical Bonds: Molecular Orbital Theory

10.1. Molecular orbital (MO) theory

10.1.1. bonding MO

10.1.2. antibonding MO