India 1857-90

1. Military

1.1. 1/ Br ended extra Sepoy pay for fighting abroad- Bhatta> need for purification

1.2. 2/ Sepoy pay and condiitons dramatically lower than Br - increased differences/ disrespectful to Sepoys- divide

1.3. 3/ Br losses in Afghan War of EIC affected morale of Sepoys

1.4. 4/ More sepoys needed as EIC army sent abroad- Opium Wars/Crimea/Afghan etc

1.5. 5/ Increased intensions within army- Bengal army felt unwanted on arrival- lower castes

2. Religious

2.1. 1/ Br ignored religious customs/ traditions : Hindu purification (left country- unclean- lots of money to purify)

2.2. 2/ Omen's rumour: Br troops weakened in Crimea- superiooty over- 100 years since Battle of Plassey- prophesy Br rule would end in 1857

2.3. 3/ Lee Enfield Rifle: bite into catridges with pig fat> against Hindu/Muslim religion- unclean

3. Political

3.1. 1/ Lord Dalhousie: Doctrine of Lapse-lack of heir- Br would take over that land

3.2. 2/ Policy of Westernisation: B and D enforced culture- legal system-religion upon the Indians

4. Social

4.1. 1/ Br officers became more dismissive- trust was lost between Indians and Br. Increased intolerance/ lack of involvement/concern. Leaders were replaced w/ arrogant rulers.

4.2. 2/ Br offended Bengali army by recruiting others outside the Hindu caste system (Ghurkas/sikhs)- increased distrust

4.3. 3/ Ban of Sutee by Bentinck - widowed women byrnt alive on funeral- not allowed to remarry- tradiiton

4.4. 4/ Ended child infanticide- killed girls made illegal- tradition

5. Economics:

5.1. 1/ Punitive tax system: Harsher than in Br- peasants expected to pay- kept them impoverished

5.2. 2/ Br purposefully destroyed industrialisation opportunities- EIC employees destroyed looms- ensure theu were dependent/ couldn't compete w/ Br- impoverished

5.3. 3/ Lord Bentinck resumptiion of tax free lands caused resentment among middle class/aristocrats

6. Population size of India: 1850: 200 million/ 1901: 236 million / 1921: 251 million/ 1951: 261 million

7. Bckgrnd Info

7.1. EIC: cloths/spices. Royal Charter 1600

7.2. From 1757 w/ own armies: sepoys- military power/admin functions >maximise profit took large areas of land

7.3. 1818: new source income- land taxes > Indians used to pay to Indian rulers.

7.4. 1840's-50's Gov Gen of India Lord Dalhousie> Doctrine of Lapse- acquire territory. If Indian ruler died w/o heir Br could take territory.

8. Religion

8.1. Differences: Hinduism- religious majority

8.2. 20% Muslim

8.3. Other religions: Seikh, Catholicism- in areas of Br rule- missionaries

9. Causes of Indian Mutiny

10. Events of the Mutiny

10.1. 3 months for BR troops restore Delhi > 40,000 revolted

10.2. Struggle for Lucknow lasted 12 months > 60,000 mutinied

10.3. Bitter struggle Cawnpore- 1000 Br citizens starved into submission. When Br arrived Sepoys refused to surrender but threw dead women over the walls > Br crushed the revolt. Sepoys forced to lick the blood then hanged

10.4. Br finally defeated the mutiny in June 1858. Reprisals appalling- executions w/o trial/bitterness. 8/7/58 peace treaty signed rebellion ended

11. Impact/ Consequences of the Mutiny

11.1. 100,000 Indians had been killed in uprising

11.2. Army of retribution: justified by atrocities, as well as hanging bkew some fro cannon (Mughal traditiion), 'no prisoners' approach

11.3. Br press exaggerated killings/wounded which were much higher on Indian side.

11.4. Last Mughal emperor tried for treason executed 1862.

11.5. Restricted Indian entry into the ICS

11.6. End og the EIC> Crown. EIC land became part of the crown >1858 Gov of India Act