1. should be cleaned before beginning an experiment
2. assure regulatory authorities
2.1. data submitted are a true reflection of the results
2.1.1. be relied upon when making risk/safety assessments
3. notebooks
3.1. Establishing good work practices
3.2. Knowledge retention & sharing in the lab
3.3. Meeting contractual requirements
3.4. Avoiding fraud
3.5. Defending patents
3.6. patent record, "original" record
3.6.1. first human-readable form("original" record
3.7. witness
3.7.1. Patent related businesses require all notebook to be witnessed
3.7.2. When you think you have conceived an invention or an idea that my have intellectual property value, the date you did so is when you want a witness
3.7.3. A witness serves a certifying function but not a coinventor who has a vested interest in verifying claim.
3.8. storage
3.8.1. protected from the risk of damage and contamination
3.8.2. should be indexed and kept in a safe central repository (completed notebooks)
3.8.3. kept for the life of the patent plus six years (patent purposes)
4. laboratory techniques
4.1. cleaning glassware
4.1.1. Clean with detergent
4.1.2. Rinse several times with tap water
4.1.3. Final rinse with deionised water
4.1.4. Inspection: Water droplets do not adhere to the wall of clean glassware
4.1.5. Invert clean glassware for drying
4.2. Inserting Glass Tubing through a Rubber Stopper
4.2.1. Moisten glass tubing and rubber hole with water or glycerol
4.2.2. Protect hand with cloth towel
4.2.3. Twist & push the tubing slowly and carefully
4.3. Handling Chemicals
4.3.1. Read Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) before handling any chemical
4.3.2. Read the label (labelled according to the National Fire Protection Association
4.3.3. Dispense the amount of what you need.
4.3.4. Never touch, taste, smell chemicals unless specifically directed to do so
4.3.5. Properly dispose of chemicals
4.4. Transferring Solids
4.4.1. Read Label to confirm the correct chemical
4.4.2. Place the stopper or cap of reagent bottle top side down
4.4.3. Use a clean spatula or scoop for transferring solids
4.5. Transferring Liquids and Solutions
4.5.1. Transfer the liquid from a reagent bottle with the aid of a stirring rod or spatula
4.5.2. The rod should touch the lip of the transferring vessel and the inner wall of the receiving vessel
4.6. Disposing of Chemicals
4.6.1. Proper disposal of chemicals is available from Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
4.6.2. Read the label on the waste container carefully before discarding the chemical waste
4.6.3. Nothing (besides soap and water) is to be discarded in the lab sink
4.7. Measuring Mass
4.7.1. Handle with care
4.7.2. Level the balance before use
4.7.3. Do not place chemicals directly on the balance pan
4.7.4. Do not drop anything on the balance pan
4.7.5. After completing a mass measurement, return the mass settings to the Zero position
4.7.6. Clean the balance and balance area of any spilled chemicals.
4.8. Measuring Volume
4.8.1. Reading and Recording a Meniscus
4.8.2. Pipetting a Liquid
4.8.3. Titrating a Liquid/Solution
4.9. Preparing Solutions
4.9.1. Place water (or the less concentrated solution) into volumetric flask until it is one-half full
4.9.2. Add solid (or the more concentrated reagent) slowly to the volumetric flask
4.9.3. Dissolve the solid compound or mix the solution via swirling.
4.9.4. Add water (drop-wise if necessary via a dropper) until the calibrated “mark” etched on the volumetric flask is reached.
4.9.5. While securely holding the stopper, invert the flask slowly 10-15 times to ensure good mixing.
4.10. Separating a Liquid or Solution
4.10.1. Gravity Filtration
4.10.1.1. filtrate
4.10.1.1.1. The solution that passes through the filter in a filtration procedure.
4.10.2. vacuum filtration
4.10.3. Centrifugation
4.10.3.1. Supernatant
4.10.3.1.1. Clear liquid covering a precipitate
4.11. Heating Liquids and Solutions
4.11.1. Naked flame from Bunsen burner MUST be handled with extra care!
4.12. Evaporating Liquids
4.12.1. carried out in a fume hood.
4.12.2. The flammability of the liquid MUST be considered for safety precaution.
4.13. Heating Solids
4.13.1. Heating in a drying oven
4.13.2. Cooling in a Desiccator
4.13.3. Using a Crucible
4.14. Venting Gases
4.14.1. using a fume hood
4.14.1.1. Turn on the hood air flow (at least 0.5m/s) prior to initiating any experiment
4.14.1.2. Never place your face inside of the fume hood with on-going experiment
4.14.1.3. Never set the equipment or chemicals near the edge of fume hood
4.14.1.4. Do not crowd experiment set up in a fume hood
4.15. Separating a Liquid or Solution
5. Introduction to International Lab Quality Standards
5.1. ISO 9001 Standard
5.1.1. ISO forms the specialized system for worldwide standardization
5.1.2. It is designed for companies and organizations that do design and development of their products or services as well as the production and delivery of them.
5.1.3. The organization shall establish, document, implement and maintain a quality management system and continuously improve its effectiveness
5.2. ISO17025
5.2.1. International Standard that specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and/or calibrations
5.2.2. applies to all organizations performing tests and/or calibrations
5.2.3. How does a laboratory get accredited to ISO17025
5.2.3.1. Document a quality management system(QMS)
5.2.3.2. Establish quality management procedures to maintain the system
5.2.3.3. Implement the QMS in the laboratory several months to establish the records that an accreditation body will review at an accreditation audit
5.2.3.4. the laboratory undergoes the ISO17025 assessment by an accreditation body that is certified to perform laboratory accreditation
5.3. ISO14000
5.3.1. a management tool enabling an organization of any size or type to
5.3.1.1. Identify and control the environmental impact of its activities, products or services
5.3.1.2. Improve its environmental performance continually, and to
5.3.1.3. Implement a systematic approach in setting environmental objectives and targets, to achieving these and to demonstrating that they have been achieved
6. Regulatory Requirements for Lab Control
6.1. Compliance with regulatory requirements in the following
6.1.1. Management systems
6.1.2. Operating procedures
6.1.3. Personnel training
6.1.4. Data accountability
6.1.5. Method validation
6.1.6. Equipment
6.1.7. Facilities
6.1.8. Documentation
7. Applications of GLP in Testing Services
7.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.1.1. a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference are measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment
7.1.2. Glass transition
7.1.2.1. transformation of a glass-forming liquid to glass, which usually occurs upon rapid cooling. It is a dynamic phenomenon occurring between two distinct states of matter (liquid and glass), each with different physical properties
8. What is GLP?
8.1. deals with:
8.1.1. organisation
8.1.2. process
8.1.3. conditions under laboratory studies
8.1.3.1. planned
8.1.3.2. performed
8.1.3.3. monitored
8.1.3.4. recorded
8.1.3.5. reported
8.2. Involves practices in the Quality Control Lab
8.2.1. undertaken to carry out an analysis
8.2.1.1. with a defined degree of
8.2.1.1.1. accuracy
8.2.1.1.2. precision
9. importance
9.1. released based on the analytical results
9.1.1. raw materials
9.1.2. packaging materials
9.1.2.1. generated in the QC lab
9.1.3. intermediates
9.1.4. finished products
9.2. ACCURACY,
9.3. PRECISION
9.4. RELIABILITY
10. lab data management
10.1. FDA comments on data security & authenticity
10.1.1. Only authorized individuals can make data entries
10.1.2. No data can be deleted. Changes make through amendments
10.1.3. Database must be tamperproof
10.1.4. SOP must describe the procedures for ensuring the validity of the data
10.2. Security
10.3. System operations
10.4. Data archival & retrieval
10.5. Training
10.6. maintenance
10.7. change control
10.8. `lab info management system (LIMS)
10.8.1. a computer application designed for the analytical laboratory that is designed to
10.8.1.1. administer samples
10.8.1.2. acquire and manage data
10.8.1.3. report results via a database
10.8.2. automates the process of sampling, analysis and reporting and in its simplest concept
10.8.3. LIMS can be used to
10.8.3.1. Receive, Log in, Label samples, Track records & Specimens
10.8.3.2. Assign & Schedule work
10.8.3.3. Integrate data collection by interfacing with instrument
10.8.3.4. check status of work
10.8.4. Out-of-specification (OOS)
10.8.4.1. Informal investigation
10.8.4.1.1. Single-event OOS
10.8.4.1.2. Departmental level
10.8.4.1.3. Must be documented
10.8.4.1.4. Trigger the review of test procedures, calculations, equipment performance and data record
10.8.4.1.5. If problem resulted OOS identified, initial OOS invalidated, the test is repeated
10.8.4.1.6. The repeat test is NOT considered a retest
10.8.4.1.7. If initial OOS is not invalidated, then manager/director must be involved
10.8.4.1.8. ◦ Formal investigation initiated
10.8.4.1.9. Other areas to cover
11. Good Manufacturing Practice
11.1. Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations promulgated by the US Food and Drug Administration under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
11.2. force of law
11.2.1. require that manufacturers, processors, and packagers of drugs, medical devices, some food, and blood take proactive steps to ensure that their products are safe, pure, and effective
11.3. quality approach
11.3.1. manufacturing, enabling companies to minimize or eliminate instances of contamination, mixups, and errors
11.3.1.1. protects the consumer from purchasing a product which is not effective or even dangerous
11.4. Failure of firms
11.4.1. result in very serious consequences including recall, seizure, fines, and jail time
12. Documentation Control
12.1. shall establish and maintain procedures to control all documents that form part of its management system, internally generated or from external sources.
12.2. definition of "document"
12.2.1. Could be policy statements, standard operating procedures, lab procedures, equipment manuals, test specifications, instrument calibration tables, charts, text books, posters, notices, memoranda, software, drawings, plans, etc.
12.2.2. These may be on various media, whether hard or copy or electronic, and they may be digital, analog, photographic or written.
12.3. Document approval & issue
12.3.1. All document issued to the lab as part of the management system shall be reviewed and approved for use by authorized personnel prior to issue.
12.4. Document Change Control
12.4.1. All document changes hall be reviewed and approved by authorized personnel prior to implementation.
12.5. Control of Records
12.5.1. Lab shall establish & maintain procedure for identification, collection, indexing, access, filing, storage, maintenance & disposal of quality and technical records for audit trail.
12.5.2. Quality system related
12.5.2.1. Organisation chart,
12.5.2.2. Change control records,
12.5.2.3. staff records,
12.5.2.4. audit reports,
12.5.2.5. corrective action report
12.5.2.6. preventive action report
12.5.2.7. management reviews
12.5.2.8. deviation reports, etc.
12.5.3. Technical related
12.5.3.1. Lab notebooks
12.5.3.2. records of original observations
12.5.3.3. derived data
12.5.3.4. calibration records
12.5.3.5. instrument print-out
12.5.3.6. chromatograms
12.5.3.7. maintenance records
12.5.4. All records shall be held secure & in confidence
12.5.5. Lab shall established procedure to protect & back-up records
12.5.5.1. To prevent damage or deterioration
12.5.5.2. To prevent loss
12.5.5.3. To prevent unauthorised access or amendment
12.5.5.4. To define retention times of records