1. Cardiovascular
1.1. Nursing consideration
1.1.1. Promote circulation
1.1.2. Provide foot care
1.1.3. Promote normality
1.1.4. Educate the patient regarding treatment or disease process
1.1.5. Preventative measures
1.1.6. Promote activities of daily living i
1.1.7. Introduce complementary therapies
1.2. Common conditions
1.2.1. Hyperlipidemia
1.2.2. Pulmonary embolism
1.2.3. Hypertension
1.2.4. Chronic heart failure
1.2.5. Arrhythmia
1.2.5.1. Causes: infection, hemorrhage, angina syndrome, and coronary insufficiency
1.2.5.2. Treatment: digitalis, potassium supplements, change in diet, change in activities, anti-arrhythmic drugs
1.2.5.3. Signs and symptoms: fatigue, hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, weakness, confusion
1.2.6. PVD
1.2.6.1. Aneurysm
1.2.6.2. Diabetes mellitus
1.2.6.3. Atherosclerosis v
1.2.6.4. Edema
1.2.6.5. Varicose veins
1.2.6.6. Venous thromboembolism
1.2.6.6.1. Signs and symptoms: warmth, edema, cyanosis,aching, and engorgemnt of veins
1.2.6.6.2. Clot in bloodstream
1.2.6.6.3. Risk: bed rest, immobile, surgery, fractures
1.3. Risk of
1.3.1. Myocardial infarction
1.3.2. Arrhythmias
1.3.3. Hypotension
1.3.4. Hypertension
1.4. Heart muscle
1.4.1. Aorta becomes dilated
1.4.2. Myocardial muscle less efficient
1.4.3. Decreased cardiac outputth
1.4.4. Thick and rigid valvesh
1.4.5. Heart dimensions were unchanged
1.4.6. Less efficient oxygen
2. Respiratory
2.1. Common conditions
2.1.1. COPD
2.1.2. Asthma c
2.1.3. Chronic bronchitis
2.1.4. Emphysema
2.1.4.1. Treatment: postural drainage, education, support, diet, avoid stress, and breathing exercises
2.1.4.2. Signs and symptoms
2.1.4.2.1. Chronic cough, hypoxia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss
2.1.4.3. Causes: chronic bronchitis, chronic irrigation and changes in the lung
2.2. Nursing considerations
2.2.1. Education
2.2.2. Medication education
2.2.3. Prevent complicationsc
2.2.4. Check vitals
2.2.5. Promote fluids
2.2.6. Promote productive cough
2.2.7. Postural drainage
2.3. Risk of
2.3.1. Infection
2.3.2. Broncospasm
2.3.3. Impaired circulation and oxygenation
2.4. Calcification of costal cartilage, trachea, and rib cage
2.5. Reduce o cough and laryngeal reflexes
2.6. Increased residual and vital capacity
2.7. Lungs reduce in size and weight
2.8. Decreased elastic recollection
2.9. Alveoli less elastic
2.10. High risk for respiratory infections
3. Gastrointestinal
3.1. Less acute taste sensation
3.2. Small and large intestine atrophy
3.3. Risk of
3.3.1. Aspiration
3.3.2. Indigestion
3.3.3. Constipation
3.4. Stomach
3.4.1. Decreased elasticity of the stomach
3.4.2. Higher pH
3.4.3. Decline in hydrochloride acid
3.4.4. Decline in pepsin sl
3.4.5. Owner peristalsis and activity
3.4.6. Bile salt synthesis decreases
3.5. Atrophy of tongue s
3.6. Alive production decreases
3.7. Esophagus
3.7.1. Decreased esophageal motility
3.7.2. Weaker contraction w
3.7.3. Darkness sphincter
3.7.4. Motility decreases
3.8. Reduced hepatic reserve
3.8.1. Decreased metabolism of drugs
3.8.2. Risk of adverse drug reactions
3.9. Malabsorption
3.9.1. Calcium
3.9.2. Carbohydrates
3.9.3. Folic acid
3.9.4. Vitamins b12 and d
3.9.5. Fats
3.10. Increased risk
3.10.1. GERD
3.10.2. Maldigestion
3.10.3. Fluid and electrolyte imbalancei
3.10.4. Impaired nutrition
3.10.5. Chewing impairment
3.11. Common conditions
3.11.1. Chronic constipation
3.11.2. GERD
3.11.3. Esophageal CA
3.11.4. Flatulence
3.11.5. Intestinal obstruction
3.11.6. Fecal impaction
3.11.7. Constipation
3.11.8. Biliary tract diseaseco
3.11.9. Colorectal cancer
3.11.10. Peptic ulcer
3.11.11. Xerostomia
3.11.12. Cue appendicitis
3.11.13. Peptic ulcer
3.11.14. Hiatal herniag
3.11.15. Gastric cancer
3.11.16. Esophageal cancer
4. Immune
4.1. T-cell activity declines
4.2. Cell-mediated immunity declinesri
4.3. So for infection f
4.4. Inflammatory defenses decline
4.5. Inflammation presents atypically
4.6. Decline in immune function
4.7. Increased risk of immature T cells
4.7.1. Reduced response to foreign antigens
4.7.2. Decrease in cell-mediated and humor a immunity
4.8. Reduced antibody response
4.9. Decreased number of angerhands cells in the skin
5. Endocrine
5.1. Thyroid gland activity decreases
5.2. ACTH secretion decreases
5.3. Pituitary release by beta cell is delayed r
5.4. Reduced metabolism of glucose
5.5. Higher blood glucose in nondiabetic patients
5.6. Decreased in secretion
5.6.1. Glucocorticoid
5.6.2. Aldosterone
5.7. Pancreas
5.7.1. Delayed and insufficient release
5.7.2. Decreased sensitivity to circulating glucose
5.8. Decrease in hormone
5.8.1. ACTH
5.8.2. TSH
5.8.3. Follicle stimulation g
5.8.4. Gonadal
5.8.5. Luteotropic
5.8.6. Luteinizing
5.9. Conditions
5.9.1. Diabetes mellitus
5.9.2. Hyperthyroidism
5.9.3. Hypothyroidism
5.10. Thyroid changes
5.10.1. Less secretion and release
5.10.2. Total serum iodine reduced
5.10.3. Increased modularity
5.10.4. Cellular infiltration fi
5.10.5. Fibrosis
5.10.6. Lower basal metabolic rate
5.10.7. T3 reduction
6. Integumentary
6.1. Skin is less elastic
6.2. Dry and fragile skin
6.3. Increased benign and malignant skin neoplasms
6.4. Thinning and graying hair
6.5. Reduced sweat gland activity
6.6. Lower body temperature
6.6.1. Ability to respond to cold temperature is reduced
6.6.2. Response to heat is altered
6.7. Common conditions
6.7.1. Skin cancer
6.7.2. Vascular lesions
6.7.3. Pressure ulcers
6.7.4. Keratosis
6.7.5. Seborrheic keratosis
6.7.6. Pruritus
6.8. Reduced thickness and vascularity of dermis
6.9. Elongated ears
6.10. More easily irritated and broken down
6.11. Reduction of melanocytes by 10-20% each decade beginning at 30
7. Renal/Genitourinary
7.1. Renal blood flow decline
7.2. Glomerular filtration decline
7.2.1. High blood urea nitrogen levels
7.2.2. Affects ability to eliminate drugs
7.2.3. Decreased tubular function
7.2.4. Increase in renal threshold for gluose
7.3. Reduced bladder capacity
7.4. Incontinence is NOT normal
7.5. Bladder muscle decline
7.5.1. Hypertrophy and thickening of muscle
7.5.2. Decreases ability to expand
7.5.3. Reduces storage capacity
7.5.3.1. Nocturia
7.5.3.2. Daytime urinary frequency
7.6. Common conditions
7.6.1. Decrease in nephrons
7.6.2. Urinary incontinence
7.6.3. Glomerulonephritis
7.6.4. Renal calculus
7.6.5. Bladder cancer
7.6.6. Nocturnal urine production
7.7. Risk of
7.7.1. Dehydration
7.7.2. Hypernatremia
7.7.3. Urinary tract infection
7.7.4. Hyponatremia
7.7.5. Volume overload
7.7.6. Neurotoxicity injury and adverse reactions from drugs
8. Neurological
8.1. Common conditions
8.1.1. Parkinson's disease
8.1.2. Glaucoma
8.1.3. Perineal ulcer
8.1.4. Hearing deficits d
8.1.5. Detached retina
8.1.6. Macular degeneration
8.2. Impairment
8.2.1. Vision
8.2.1.1. Presbyopia
8.2.1.2. Narrowing of visual fieldde
8.2.1.3. Decreased peripheral vision
8.2.1.4. Pupil size reduction
8.2.1.5. Less reactive to light
8.2.1.6. Depth perception distortion
8.2.1.7. Visual acuity decline
8.2.2. Hearing
8.2.2.1. Presbycusis
8.2.2.2. Distortion of high pitched soundsc
8.2.2.3. Cerumen increases
8.2.2.4. Alteration in equilibrium
8.2.3. Taste and smell
8.2.3.1. Sense of smell altered with age
8.2.3.2. Atrophy of tongue
8.2.3.3. Taste acuity is dependent on smell
8.2.3.4. Decreased saliva
8.2.3.5. Poor oral hygiene
8.2.4. Touch
8.2.4.1. Reduction of tactile sensation
8.2.4.2. Reduced ability to sense pressure
8.2.4.3. Reduced ability to sense discomfort
8.2.4.4. Reduced ability to sense change in temperature
8.2.5. Deep tendon reflexes
8.2.6. General muscle strength s
8.2.7. Slowed motor skills
8.2.8. Impairment in thermoregulation
8.2.9. Reduction in tactile sensation
8.3. All senses are less proficient
8.4. Affects well-being and activist of daily living
8.5. Decreased blood flow to the brain
8.6. Reduction in neurons
8.7. Loss of nerve cell mass
8.7.1. Atrophy of brain and spinal cord
8.7.2. Brain weight decreases
8.8. Reduction in nerve fibers
8.9. Demyelinization
8.9.1. Slower nerve conduction
8.9.2. Response and reaction times are slower
8.9.3. Reflexes become weaker
8.10. Slow response in relation to balance
8.11. Free radicals accumulate
8.12. Verbal skills maintained until age 70
8.13. Less effective temperature regulation
8.14. Personality
8.14.1. Remains consistent with earlier years
8.15. Intelligence
8.15.1. Basic intelligence is upheld
8.15.2. Fluid intelligence declines
8.15.3. Learning ability stays the same
8.16. Risk of
8.16.1. Delirium
8.16.2. Alzheimer's
8.16.3. Dementia
8.16.4. Sleep disorders
9. Musculoskeletal
9.1. Thinning disk and shortened vertebrae
9.1.1. Joint instability
9.2. Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement
9.3. Decreased bone mineral and mass
9.4. Diminished calcium absorption
9.5. Increased risk of fractures
9.6. Decline in size and number of muscle fibers
9.6.1. Decreased body streng
9.6.2. Endurance declines
9.7. Connective tissue changes
9.7.1. Reduced flexibility of joints and muscles
9.8. Sarcopenia
9.8.1. Reduction of muscle mass and function
9.8.2. Increased in muscle rotein degeneration
9.9. Common conditions
9.9.1. Gout
9.9.2. Fracture
9.9.3. Osteoporosis
9.9.4. Osteoarthritis
9.9.5. Plantar fasciitis i
9.9.6. Infections
10. Reproductive
10.1. Changes have impact on functionsd
10.2. Decrease in responsiveness and frequency of organisms
10.3. Medication may affect sexuality
10.3.1. Affect potency, libido, organism, ejaculation
10.3.2. ACE inhibitors, antianxiety, antihypertensive, antiparinson, nicotine, dopamine, NSAIDS
10.4. Women
10.4.1. Less lubrication
10.4.2. Thinning of walls
10.4.3. Often gain new interest in sex
10.4.4. Vulva atrophy
10.4.5. Fattening of labia and loss of subcutaneous fat
10.4.6. Cervix, Fallopian tube, and uterus atrophy
10.4.7. Vaginal canal
10.4.7.1. Reduction in collagen and adipose tissue
10.4.7.2. Shortening and narrow of canal
10.4.7.3. Less lubrication and more alkaline pH
10.4.8. Fallopian tubes are shorter and straighter
10.4.9. Endometrium to respond to hormones
10.4.10. Common conditions
10.4.10.1. Cancer of the ovaries
10.4.10.1.1. Bleeding
10.4.10.1.2. As cites
10.4.10.1.3. Prescience of multiple masses
10.4.10.2. Perineal herniation
10.4.10.2.1. S&S:
10.4.10.2.2. Types
10.4.10.3. Infection of vulva
10.4.10.4. Vulva tumors
10.4.10.5. Cancer of the cervix
10.4.10.6. Cancer of endometrium
10.5. Men
10.5.1. Slow to erect and mount
10.5.2. Decreased testerone
10.5.3. Possible reduction in sperm count
10.5.4. Increase in follicle stimulating lutenizing hormone levels
10.5.5. Common conditions
10.5.5.1. Andropause
10.5.5.2. Erectile dysfunction
10.5.5.3. BPH
10.5.5.4. Penis cancer
10.5.5.4.1. Painless lesions or warts
10.5.5.4.2. Excision or penile amputation
10.5.5.5. Testes cancer
10.5.5.5.1. Enlargement of breast and testicular pain
10.5.5.6. Prostate cancer
10.5.5.6.1. S&S: back pain, anemia,
10.5.6. Seminal vehicle thind
10.5.7. Decrease capacity to retain fluid m
10.5.8. Muscle replace connective issuea
10.5.9. Prostate enlargement